Tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam kev lag luam ntawm Russia: piav qhia

Cov txheej txheem:

Tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam kev lag luam ntawm Russia: piav qhia
Tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam kev lag luam ntawm Russia: piav qhia

Video: Tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam kev lag luam ntawm Russia: piav qhia

Video: Tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam kev lag luam ntawm Russia: piav qhia
Video: Nraug txuj kev hlub 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Yog tias lub xeev kev lag luam hauv lub xeev tawm ntau qhov xav tau thiab tsis txaus siab rau cov tub ua lag luam txawv teb chaws, ces ib txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej no yog thaj chaw tshwj xeeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov cheeb tsam no, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ib tug sib txawv kiag li kev lag luam, peev, nyiaj txiag thiab tariff txoj cai.

Cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws Russia yog dab tsi? Vim li cas lawv tsim? Vim li cas cov chaw zoo li no ntxim nyiam rau cov tub ua lag luam thiab lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig dab tsi rau lub xeev? Peb yuav sim teb cov lus nug no thiab lwm cov lus nug nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kab lus no.

tshwj xeeb economic zones ntawm Russia
tshwj xeeb economic zones ntawm Russia

Special Zones

Qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim thaj chaw zoo li no yog, tau kawg, rau cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Txawm li cas los xij, Russia tseem muaj peev xwm loj heev hauv cheeb tsam no. Txog niaj hnub no, ntau tshaj li ob lub SEZs tau sau npe hauv lub tebchaws. Cov cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb ntawm Russia tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob peb hom:

  • kev lag luam;
  • tourist;
  • logistics;
  • technological.

Nyob tom qab me ntsis peb yuav tham ntxiv txog cov hom SEZs. Thiab tam sim no cia peb tham txog lawv.qhov chaw. Cov cheeb tsam kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm Russia suav nrog thaj chaw hauv Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, thiab Dagestan. Qhov no kuj suav nrog thaj av Kaliningrad. Cov tsim tshiab muaj xws li Crimean ceg av qab teb.

Kaliningrad cheeb tsam
Kaliningrad cheeb tsam

Basic concepts

Tseem muaj lus tsis meej pem hauv cheeb tsam no. Cia peb saib nws me ntsis. Muaj tseeb tiag koj tau hnov cov lus no ntau dua ib zaug:

  • chaw lag luam tshwj xeeb;
  • thaj chaw lag luam dawb;
  • thaj chaw lag luam dawb;
  • special economic zone.

Koj paub tias lawv txhais li cas? Tsis muaj dab tsi nyuab ntawm no. Tag nrho cov saum toj no yog cov npe sib txawv rau tib lub phenomenon. Ib qho kev zam ntawm no tej zaum yuav yog ib cheeb tsam kev lag luam dawb. Lub tswv yim no kuj txhais tau tias thaj chaw dawb, tab sis tsawg dua. Feem ntau, thaj chaw ua lag luam dawb yog thaj chaw sib cais ntawm lub cev hauv hiav txwv lossis huab cua chaw nres nkoj, qhov twg tsis muaj kev lis kev cai txhua. Ib qho piv txwv classic yog Duty Free.

Lub hom phiaj thiab cov xwm txheej tsim kom muaj SEZ

Cov cheeb tsam kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm Russia yog tag nrho cov cheeb tsam (cov cheeb tsam, cheeb tsam, cov koom pheej) uas muaj cai tshwj xeeb. Lawv muaj lawv tus kheej nyiam kev lag luam. Raws li txoj cai, lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg lag luam hauv tsev lossis txawv teb chaws. Tag nrho cov koom haum raug cai uas ua kev lag luam hauv thaj chaw SEZ raug xa mus rau nws cov neeg nyob.

Qee yam yuav tsum tau tsim kom muaj SEZ:

  • thaj chaw zoothaj chaw;
  • muaj qhov chaw dawb rau kev txhim kho;
  • developed infrastructure;
  • nyiam cov neeg siv khoom nrog kev tsim nyog txaus;
  • txoj hauv kev los txhim kho kev sib raug zoo hauv cheeb tsam thiab thoob ntiaj teb;
  • existence of historical activities.

Vim li cas thaj chaw tshwj xeeb xav tau

Txhua thaj chaw tshwj xeeb kev lag luam ntawm Russia yog tsim los daws cov teeb meem kev lag luam. Kev tsim cov cheeb tsam no pab txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm lub teb chaws tag nrho thiab txhim kho kev ua neej nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam. Nrog rau lub koom haum ntawm SEZ, lub xeev daws cov dej num hauv qab no:

  • tsim ntau txoj haujlwm tshiab rau cov pej xeem uas tsim nyog txaus;
  • -nyiam cov peev txheej txawv teb chaws mus rau lub teb chaws;
  • txhawb nqa cov neeg tsim khoom hauv tebchaws los nqis peev hauv cov thev naus laus zis, kev tsim khoom, kev tsim kho vaj tsev;
  • tuav txoj kev txawj ntse hauv lub tebchaws;
  • kev txhim kho thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv tsev.

Cov neeg nyob hauv kev koom tes hauv kev tsim kho thaj chaw tshwj xeeb kuj muaj lawv tus kheej cov txiaj ntsig:

  • siv cov se tshwj xeeb los txo cov nqi tswj hwm thiab tsim khoom;
  • txuag ntawm ntau lub luag haujlwm, tus nqi xauj tsev thiab lwm yam kev them nyiaj, tsim kom muaj kev sib tw ntau dua;
  • muaj peev xwm nyiam cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog;
  • nce lawv cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev txo lawv tus kheej cov nqi.

Ntxiv rau, kev tsim kho vaj tse hauv SEZ yog ua los ntawm lub xeev feem ntau rautus kheej cov nyiaj txiag account. Nws kuj txo lub nra rau cov neeg nyob.

oez dub
oez dub

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm SEZ yog dab tsi?

Raws li koj tau nkag siab lawm, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam kev lag luam tshwj xeeb ntawm Russia (cov npe ntawm lawv yog qhov loj heev) pab tsim lossis tsim thaj chaw tshiab thiab kev lag luam. Ib txoj cai tshwj xeeb raug tsim rau cov neeg ua lag luam kom lawv tuaj yeem kho lawv txoj kev lag luam sai sai rau cov xwm txheej tshiab. Ib qho piv txwv classic yog Crimea. Qhov no yog ib thaj chaw tshiab kiag li, qhov twg tag nrho cov lag luam tau raug yoog raws li kev cai lij choj ntawm Ukraine rau lub sijhawm ntev. Tam sim no cov neeg ua lag luam xav tau sijhawm thiab perks los rov tsom nws. Yog li ntawd, lub xeev txo cov se, simplifies lub system ntawm kev lis kev cai lub luag hauj lwm, adapts cov kev tuav pov hwm system thiab simplifies kev sau npe. Ib yam no tshwm sim hauv lwm cheeb tsam.

txiaj ntsig

Muaj cov kev nyiam nyiaj txiag zoo rau cov neeg nyob hauv SEZ. Piv txwv li, cov no:

  • txoj cai hauv kev lag luam - tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv raw lossis cov khoom seem yog tias lawv xav tau rau kev tsim cov khoom kawg, thiab tsis yog muag;
  • kev txhawb nqa kev nqis peev thiab kev so se - txo cov nqi se lossis lawv qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav, txo cov kev tswj hwm txawv teb chaws;
  • me me lossis tsis muaj kev txwv ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws;
  • qauv yooj yim rau cov khoom siv hauv chaw ua haujlwm, nyiaj ua haujlwm, teeb meem kev nyab xeeb thiab lwm yam;
  • pheej yig vaj tse thiab av - lub sijhawm los muab cov tsev khaws khoom thiab tsim khoomthaj chaw ntawm tus nqi xauj tsev yam tsawg kawg nkaus;
  • nkag mus tau thiab pheej yig cov kev pabcuam thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse - kev pab nyiaj siv hluav taws xob, roj pheej yig, dej, hluav taws xob, kho txoj kev, kev pabcuam kev thauj mus los;
  • tus qauv qis ntawm ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug, nws tiv thaiv;
  • muaj ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm pheej yig, tsis muaj cov koom haum ua lag luam thiab lwm lub koom haum ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm;
  • qhib kev nkag mus rau kev lag luam - ob qho tib si sab hauv thiab sab nraud;
  • mus sij hawm ntev tsis tau se;
  • nqa tawm cov txheej txheem kev lis kev cai ncaj qha rau thaj chaw ntawm lub tuam txhab lossis nrawm tau txais daim ntawv tso cai, thiab lwm yam.

Tom ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb kev lag luam

Raws li peb tau hais lawm, txhua thaj chaw uas muaj kev lag luam tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem muab faib ua hom hauv qab no:

  • kev tsim khoom lag luam - yog cov chaw loj loj tsom rau kev tsim khoom ntau ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov khoom;
  • thaj chaw lag luam dawb - thaj chaw uas tsis poob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev lis kev cai; Nyob rau hauv xws li ib cheeb tsam, tsis tsuas yog kev muag khoom yog nqa tawm, tab sis kuj nws cia, kuaj, ntim, thiab hais txog;
  • tourism - thaj chaw uas muaj kev txhim kho tourism, uas muaj cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg ua lag luam;
  • kev pabcuam - thaj chaw uas muaj kev xa tawm-ntshuam thiab nyiaj txiag ua haujlwm, ua tiav ntawm cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb; classic piv txwv - offshore aav;
  • scientific and technical, innovative - technology parks, cov chaw tshwj xeebCov xwm txheej, kev tsim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau ua tiav hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm kev tswj hwm.
  • Oez Fri Ulyanovsk
    Oez Fri Ulyanovsk

Alabuga

Tam sim no cia peb saib ze dua ntawm qee qhov SEZs hauv Russia. Cia peb pib nrog IP SEZ "Alabuga". Qhov chaw tsim khoom lag luam no nyob hauv Republic of Tatarstan, tsis deb ntawm lub nroog Yelabuga, tsuas yog 25 km ntawm Naberezhnye Chelny.

Kev tshwj xeeb ntawm no muaj ntau haiv neeg:

  • tsim cov tsheb npav thiab cov khoom siv tsheb;
  • tsim khoom siv hauv tsev;
  • tshuaj ntau lawm;
  • furniture making;
  • high-tech chemical ntau lawm;
  • aircraft tsim.

42 cov neeg nyob hauv tau sau npe hauv thaj chaw no, thiab tag nrho ntau dua 4.5 txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm. Thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam yog 20 square kilometers.

Txhawm rau ua ib tus neeg nyob hauv qhov chaw no, koj xav tau:

  • sau npe koj lub tuam txhab ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Yelabuga hauv nroog;
  • kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm SEZ, cog lus tias yuav nqis peev hauv lawv cov peev nyiaj tsawg kawg yog 1 lab euros hauv thawj xyoo thiab tag nrho kev nqis peev rau tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv cog lus - tsawg kawg 10 lab euros.

Cov neeg ua lag luam uas tau dhau los ua neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw kev lag luam Alabuga tuaj yeem suav nrog cov nyiam hauv qab no:

  • thaj chaw kev lis kev cai pub dawb uas cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem muab tso rau yam tsis tau them VAT thiab kev lis kev cai;
  • tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm xa tawm ntawm kev xa tawmcov khoom tsim;
  • kev zam dhau los ntawm kev thauj, se av thiab lwm yam kev them nyiaj rau cov peev nyiaj hauv tebchaws;
  • tus nqi se cov nyiaj tau los hauv thawj tsib xyoos tsuas yog 2%, tsib xyoos thib ob - 7%, ces, txog xyoo 2055 - 15.5%;
  • thaj av ntawm tus nqi tsim nyog, pub dawb rau kev sib txuas lus engineering coj mus rau thaj tsam ntawm cov phiaj xwm hluav taws xob, roj, cua sov, dej phwj;
  • zam se ntawm vaj tse thiab lwm yam kev nyiam.
  • oez trt altai hav
    oez trt altai hav

SEZ "Dubna"

This is a techno-innovative zone, tsim nyob rau hauv 2005 raws li Decree ntawm tsoom fwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation No. 781.

Thaj chaw ntawm Dubna SEZ muaj thaj tsam li ntawm 200 hectares thiab muab faib ua peb ntu:

  • lub zos ntawm programmers;
  • nanotechnology platform;
  • Nuclear physics technology cheeb tsam.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov SEZ no yog:

  • tsim cov txheej txheem nyuaj;
  • biotechnology;
  • kev kho mob yooj yim;
  • xov xwm technology;
  • khoom siv;
  • nuclear physics thiab nanotechnology.

Ob tus neeg ua lag luam thiab cov koom haum lag luam tuaj yeem dhau los ua neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw no. Cov kev zam tsuas yog cov tuam txhab koom ua lag luam thiab cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws. Txhawm rau dhau los ua ib tus neeg nyob hauv SEZ "Dubna", koj yuav tsum sau npe rau kev lag luam ntawm thaj chaw hauv nroog thiab xaus lus pom zoo nrog cov tub ceev xwm ntawm kev ua ub no.

Cov neeg nyob hauv qhov nocheeb tsam kev lag luam tshwj xeeb kuj tuaj yeem suav nrog cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb hauv kev sau se thiab lwm yam kev txhawb nqa. Kev txhawb nqa se tuaj yeem yog:

  • tsis muaj VAT thaum xa khoom mus txawv tebchaws;
  • zero tus nqi se ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tsoomfwv cov peev nyiaj mus txog 2018-01-01;
  • 13, 5% - cov nyiaj tau los them se rau cov peev nyiaj hauv zos;
  • 14% - them nyiaj rau cov nyiaj tawm;
  • 0% - se av rau 5 xyoos, se vaj tse - rau 10 xyoo, se thauj - rau 5 xyoos.

Tsis tas li, cov neeg nyob hauv muaj cai rau lwm yam kev nyiam:

  • nyiam xauj ntawm thaj chaw thiab av;
  • kev sib txuas pub dawb rau engineering networks thiab kev sib txuas lus;
  • daim ntawv nrawm rau thaj av;
  • thaj tsam kev lis kev cai dawb;
  • high-speed data kis systems.

Ntxiv rau, cov neeg nyob hauv tau muab cov xwm txheej ntawm thaj chaw kev lis kev cai dawb, raws li lawv tsis them se rau cov khoom txawv teb chaws thiab VAT thaum xa tawm cov khoom Lavxias.

nyiam nyiaj txiag tej yam kev mob
nyiam nyiaj txiag tej yam kev mob

Altai Valley

SEZ TRT "Altai Valley" yog thaj chaw ncig xyuas thiab ua si. Nws tau tsim nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 2007 raws li tsab cai lij choj ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias No. 67. Txoj haujlwm tsim nyog tau muab rau 49 xyoo.

Thaj chaw no nyob 12 km ntawm lub nroog Gorno-Altaysk, qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Altai koom pheej. Kwv yees li 2.5 txhiab tus neeg tau muab txoj haujlwm tshiab ntawm no. Lub cheeb tsam muaj qhov tshwj xeebcib fim rau nws cov neeg nyob. Kev koom tes yog tsim los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib koom tes ntawm pej xeem thiab ntiag tug. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tsim txhua qhov tsim nyog infrastructure yog nyiaj txiag los ntawm kev siv nyiaj txiag, thiab kev tsim cov chaw ncig tebchaws yog kev sib koom ntawm kev nqis peev ntiag tug.

Lub Xeev lav cov txiaj ntsig kev tswj hwm tseem ceeb:

  • tsis cuam tshuam hauv kev nqis tes ua haujlwm;
  • simplified kos hom;
  • ib lub khw;
  • sau npe xauj tsev rau thaj av nrog kev cai lij choj.

Cov tub lag luam kuj xav tau txiaj ntsig se:

  • 0% - tus nqi se vaj tse, nrog rau se av rau 5 xyoos;
  • them rau daim ntawv xauj tsev - tsis pub ntau tshaj 2% ntawm lawv cov nqi cadastral;
  • txo nqi se thauj;
  • txo cov nyiaj tau los rau 15.5%.

Turquoise Katun

SEZ TRT "Turquoise Katun" - lwm qhov chaw ua si thiab chaw ncig ua si. Nws muaj thaj tsam loj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm - 3326 hectares. "Turquoise Katun" yog positioned raws li thawj thiab loj tshaj plaws cheeb tsam ntawm ntuj thiab huab roob tourism, muab faib ua ob feem. Thawj yog rau cov hluas. Muaj cov chaw rau skiers, rock climbers, rafters, trackers, ib tug hluas tsev so thiab lwm yam kev hloov kho infrastructure. Qhov thib ob yog rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uas muaj nyiaj nplua nuj. Muaj cov tsev so zoo thiab kim thiab lwm yam khoom siv.

Thaj chaw kev lag luam no, qhov tseeb, yog nyuam qhuav pib tsim, tab sis twb muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawmcov tub ua lag luam txaus siab los nqis peev nyiaj rau cov ntsiab lus txaus nyiam. Tom qab tag nrho, cov neeg nyob hauv kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab nyiam ntawm no.

tshwj xeeb economic zones ntawm russia daim ntawv teev
tshwj xeeb economic zones ntawm russia daim ntawv teev

Titanium Valley

SEZ "Titanium Valley", tsim nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Sverdlovsk, kuj yog qhov tshwj xeeb heev. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm SEZ yog kev lag luam titanium, uas yog tshwj xeeb rau thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Ntawm no, cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tau muab rau cov lag luam tsom rau kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm no yog kev ua cov titanium thiab cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws, kev tsim cov khoom siv rau metallurgical complexes thiab mechanical engineering, tsim cov khoom siv hauv tsev.

Ulyanovsk

SEZ PT "Ulyanovsk" kuj tau tsom mus rau kev tsim kho tshuab thiab ntsuas ntsuas. Cov dej num hauv qab no raug hwm ntawm no:

  • Yinstrument making, electronics manufacturing;
  • aerospace;
  • aircraft nkawm;
  • tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob;
  • tsim cov khoom sib xyaw;
  • lwm ceg ntawm engineering.

Hauv kev xaus, Kuv xav hais txog cov neeg ua lag luam tsis nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw SEZ tshwj xeeb. Feem ntau, lawv kuj muaj lub sijhawm los suav rau ib feem ntawm cov kev nyiam uas tau muab rau cov neeg nyob hauv, txij li cov xwm txheej rau lawv cov haujlwm yuav tsum tau sib tham nrog kev tswj hwm ntawm SEZ.

Piv txwv li, hauv cheeb tsam kev lag luam xws li thaj tsam Kaliningrad, txo cov nyiaj tau los sivkiag li rau txhua lub lag luam, tsis hais hom kev lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam. Tias yog vim li cas kev pib ua lag luam yog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws hauv thaj chaw ntawm SEZ. Tau kawg, thaum nws los ua nyiaj.

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