Lus yeej tsis nyob twj ywm. Nws, zoo li lub cev muaj sia, ua raws li txoj cai ntawm kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua. Qee cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm nws tau hloov pauv loj, qee qhov raug hloov los ntawm cov tshiab. Tau kawg, cov txheej txheem no tau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev txhim kho hauv zej zog (kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib raug zoo, hierarchy), thiab kev vam meej hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.
Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho hauv Is Taws Nem thiab khoos phis tawj, ntau cov lus tshiab - neologisms, qee zaum barbarisms (uas yog, lexemes uas tseem tsis tau paub meej, feem ntau txawv ntawm kev sau txawv teb chaws.) raug muab tso rau hauv hom lus. Txawm hais tias cov lus tsis siv lawm thiab cov ntsiab lus tau dhau los ua ib yam ntawm yav dhau los. Tab sis lawv tsis ploj tag nrho, vim tias cov txheej txheem no qeeb. Thiab tsuav yog tib neeg nyob uas paub dab tsi, hais, lo lus "Komsomol" lossis "Cov Kws Ua Haujlwm Ua Haujlwm" txhais tau tias, lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab uas siv cov lus uas tsis siv lawm (feem ntau xav tau kev piav qhia rau cov neeg nyeem niaj hnub no hauv cov lus hais, cov lus hauv qab, ntxiv.), lawv yuav tsis tuag kiag li. Nws yog kev cai rau subdivide lexemes uas ploj mus rau yav dhau los rau hauv archaisms thiab historicisms. Cov kawg yoglo lus denoting obsolete phenomena thiab tswvyim, yam.
Piv txwv li, "armyak", "caftan", "carriage", "clerk" - niaj hnub no tsis muaj xws li khaub ncaws, tsheb, txoj haujlwm. Tsis muaj serfs thiab boyars. Yog li ntawd, cov no yog historicisms. Tab sis dab tsi yog archaism? Qhov no yog ib lo lus siv tsis tau uas qhia txog qhov tshwm sim uas twb muaj lawm, tswvyim, khoom. "Lanity" yog tib yam li ob sab plhu, "ntiv tes" - ntiv tes, "vyya" - caj dab. Tab sis peb tsis hais li ntawd. Kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov archaism yog dab tsi thiab nws lub luag haujlwm yog dab tsi hauv cov lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv, cia peb txheeb xyuas seb nws hom yog dab tsi.
Rau ntau lo lus, tsis hais lub ntsiab lus lossis kev sau ntawv tau hloov pauv, tab sis lawv tau hais txawv ntawm cov lus niaj hnub no. Piv txwv li, "suab paj nruag", "cim". Tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, qhov tseem ceeb tsis tau muab tso rau qhov twg nws yog tam sim no: lawv hais tias "suab paj nruag", "cim". Cov no yog phonetically obsolete lus. Semantic archaism yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib lo lus uas muaj ib lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus uas tsis siv. Piv txwv li, "tsis sparing nws plab." Nws tsis yog hais txog ib feem ntawm lub cev. Lo lus no ib zaug txhais tau tias "lub neej".
Los yog "tus neeg phem" - ib zaug lo lus no tsis yog lus foom, foom, tab sis qhia tus neeg tsis haum rau kev ua tub rog. Qhov ntawd yog, lo lus tseem tshuav, tab sis tam sim no nws tau siv rau hauv cov ntsiab lus sib txawv kiag li, nrog lub ntsiab lus sib txawv.
Dab tsi yog lexical lossis lexical derivational archaism? Piv txwv li, leej twgxws li ib tug "tub sab" nyob rau hauv lub phraseological chav tsev "zoo li ib tug tub sab hmo ntuj"? Ib zaug lo lus no txhais tau tias "tub sab", tab sis tam sim no nws tsuas yog siv los ua ib feem ntawm lo lus no, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis tshua muaj. Tub sab muaj, tab sis lub token yog obsolete. Tab sis, piv txwv li, "kev phooj ywg" tsis yog "kev phooj ywg", "tus neeg nuv ntses" tsis yog "tus neeg nuv ntses" yog qhov tseeb rau peb, vim tsuas yog cov lus hloov pauv. Cov no yog Lavxias teb sab lexical thiab derivational archaisms. Peb to taub tias "dol" yog "koob", "nug" - "nug", tab sis cov lus xws li "khoom noj" (tais diav, zaub mov) lossis "lwm hnub" (hnub ua ntej) twb xav tau cov lus pom. Txawm li cas los xij, archaisms, cov lus siv tsis tau (nrog rau keeb kwm), pab tus kws sau ntawv rov tsim qhov tsw ntawm lub sijhawm. Yog li, lawv ua lub luag haujlwm stylistic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias lawv tau siv hauv kev hais lus lossis kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg kawm. Cov npe feem ntau pab kom nkag siab tias archaism yog dab tsi (piv txwv li, qhov kev pab cuam Namedni lossis lo lus "xov vaj" feem ntau siv tsis ntev los no hauv cov npe), thiab cov lus hais hauv uas muaj cov ntsiab lus tsis siv ("xya lub hauv pliaj" - los ntawm "span" - ntsuas qhov ntev). Txhawm rau kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub npe lossis kab lus no, peb yuav tsum xa mus rau phau ntawv txhais lus tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, cov lus siv tsis siv neeg thiab kab lus).
