Nyob rau nthwv dej ntawm kev hloov siab lees txim ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv tau nyob los ntawm cov haujlwm uas cov kws sau ntawv tsis tshua paub. Ib feem vim tias ntau ntawm lawv tsis yog cov neeg ywj pheej, tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, lawv txoj haujlwm tau ua kom muaj kev nkag siab zoo. Ntawm lawv, lub npe ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv, kws sau paj lug, publisher thiab journalist Kruglov Alexander Vasilievich sawv tawm.
Short biography
Alexander Kruglov yug hauv Veliky Ustyug thaum Lub Rau Hli 5, 1853 hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus thawj saib xyuas tsev kawm ntawv. Tsis ntev tom qab yug nws tus tub, nws txiv tuag. Tus kws sau yav tom ntej siv nws thaum yau hauv nws yawg lub tsev - hauv Vologda.
Kruglov pib sau nws thawj zaj paj huam nrog kev pib nkag mus rau hauv gymnasium, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau nws qib. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev fad dav dav, nws cov kev xav tau hloov tas li. Nws zoo li tau woven los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab, nws tau los ua ib tug "xav txog qhov tseeb", nquag rau txim rau Pushkin, uas nws adored, tawm tsam Nekrasov rau nws. Nyob rau xyoo ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab tau muaj kev sib cav sib ceg thiab hais tawm lawv cov kev xav.ntawm nplooj ntawv sau ntawv sau.
Kruglov tau koom nrog hauv qhov no. Nws nthuav tawm cov kev xav uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev ywj pheej tam sim no, thiab luam cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm Lo Lus Lavxias. Ib tug ntawm lawv, ib tug publicist thiab koom nyob rau hauv lub revolutionary zog N. V. Shelgunov, tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Vologda xeev. Tsis ntev tom qab, tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab sociologist thiab revolutionary P. L. Lavrov raug ntiab tawm nyob rau ntawd. Nws yog rau nws tias Alexander Kruglov tsis kam xa nws cov paj huam (duab saum toj no). Pyotr Lavrovich tsis pom zoo cov paj huam rau kev tshaj tawm, tab sis qhia tus kws sau paj huam tsis txhob tawm paj huam.
pib ntawm txoj kev muaj tswv yim
Kruglov ua nws thawj zaug hauv kev hais lus. Thawj cov ntawv xov xwm thiab ib zaj dab neeg txog Vologda lub neej pib luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1870 ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Chronicle, Iskra, thiab Nedelya. Cov ntawv sau txog M. V. Lomonosov tau luam tawm ua ib daim ntawv qhia cais rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Alexander tseem yog menyuam kawm ntawv theem siab. Tag nrho Vologda sai sai no paub txog kev yug los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tshiab.
Tom qab kawm tiav, twb tau tsim cov neeg sau xov xwm Alexander Kruglov xav tau kev kawm ntxiv. Nws pib npaj nws tus kheej rau kev qhia thiab rau npe hauv cov chav kawm pedagogical. Tsis ntev, tus tub hluas tau ncaim lawv thiab nyob rau hauv 1872 tshuav nws haiv neeg Vologda thawj zaug. Cov phooj ywg pom ib qho chaw rau nws nyob rau hauv ib lub khw muag ntawv, thiab Kruglov mus rau St. Nws raug tsis kam ua haujlwm. Kev tshawb nrhiav kev pabcuam hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm khomob tsis tau ua tiav ib yam. Tom qab qiv nyiaj rau kev taug kev, Kruglov tsav tsheb rov qab. Tau ib xyoos nws ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv Lub Txhab Nyiaj Txiag, ua tus nyeem ntawv pov thawj hauv lub tsev luam ntawv, thiab ua tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev ntiav.
Los ntawm Vologda rauPetersburg
Lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1873 nws tau mus rau lub peev thib ob. Lub sij hawm no nws tig tawm zoo nrog cov kev pab cuam - nws tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv. Thaum tsaus ntuj nws tau sau cov ntawv thiab paj huam rau pedagogical thiab menyuam yaus cov ntawv xov xwm. Ntawm cov nyiaj khwv tau los, nws tuaj yeem nyob tau yooj yim, tab sis kev mob ntawm tus neeg hlub tau nqus tag nrho nws txoj kev. Kuv yuav tsum nyob hauv slums thiab noj hauv pej xeem canteens. Nws txoj kev ua siab ntev tau mus txog qhov txwv, thiab Alexander Kruglov tig mus rau Lub Koom Haum Pabcuam Sau Ntawv.
Ob peb hnub tom qab, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Literary Fund N. A. Nekrasov tuaj rau Kruglov. Tus kws sau ntawv budding tau muab nyiaj pub dawb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub rooj sib tham tseem ceeb rau Kruglov nrog F. M. Dostoevsky tau tshwm sim. Nws muab cov ntawv sau txog thawj zaug. Fyodor Mikhailovich thuam nws heev thiab qhia tus kws sau ntawv kom muaj kev paub txog lub neej. Kruglov rhuav tshem nws txoj haujlwm thiab txuas ntxiv sau cov ntawv sau. Nws tau luam tawm tsis tu ncua hauv Observer, Vestnik Evropy, Delo, Txauv Vedomosti, Cov Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Keeb Kwm, thiab ntau phau ntawv me me. Dostoevsky tau dhau los ua tus kws qhia ntawv rau tus kws sau ntawv hluas thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim.
Xyoo 1879, cov dab neeg ntawm Alexander Kruglov pib tshwm sim ib zaug hauv Lavxias lus. L. N. Tolstoy tau sau rau hauv phau ntawv xov xwm thiab thov kom txhawb nqa tus kws sau ntawv hluas. F. M. Dostoevsky kuj pom zoo tus kws sau ntawv txawj ntse, thiab nws tau txais ib lub npe sau ntawv. Tsis ntev Kruglov tawm hauv Petersburg. Nws tau mus ncig thiab nyob hauv lub tebchaws, tau sau ntau thiab tau tshaj tawm hauv yuav luag txhua lub nroog cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm. Ib zaug ntxiv, nws phau ntawv pib tshwm.
Kruglov's Books
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Alexander Kruglov tau sau ntau tshaj li ib puas phau ntawv. Phau ntawv rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas nyiam qhov kev vam meej, uas tau dhau los ntawm ob peb phau ntawv thaum lub neej ntawm tus kws sau ntawv:
- 1885 - essays and stories "Living Souls" and "Children of the Forests".
- 1886 - Cov neeg sau xov xwm hauv xeev.
- 1887 - "Tus Tswv ntawm Zemstvo".
- 1889 - "Ivan Ivanovich thiab tuam txhab", "Los ntawm Golden Childhood".
- 1890 - Bolshak thiab Kotofey Kotofeevich, Cov Neeg Hav Zoov thiab Cov Dab Neeg Hauv Xeev.
- 1892 - "Duab ntawm Lavxias Lub Neej", "Kev Ua Si Hmo Ntuj", "Txoj Kev Sib Tw".
- 1895 - 1901 - "Nyob hauv lub log ntawm Lub Neej", "Kev Zoo Siab Yooj Yim", "Cov Phooj Ywg - Cov Neeg Txawv Tebchaws", "Ivanushka the Fool", "Brilliant Humor", "New Star", "Conscience Awakened", " Tswv Peasants » thiab lwm yam.
Alexander Kruglov yog ib tus menyuam yaus nyiam tshaj plaws sau ntawv. Nws sau phau ntawv rau menyuam mos:
- 1880 - "Christmas Gift", "Lub caij ntuj no Leisure".
- 1888 - "Cov me nyuam raws kuv."
- 1898 - "Rau Me Nyuam Nyeem Ntawv".
Kruglov cov paj huam suav nrog hauv cov khoom sau:
- 1894 - "Rau Cov Me Nyuam".
- 1897 - Paj huam.
- 1901 - “Kev Hlub thiab Qhov Tseeb. Kev xav ntawm sab ntsuj plig."
- 1912 - Nkauj Hmog.
A writer's diary
Nyob rau hauv lub 90s, Alexander Kruglov tsiv tawm ntawm populism thiab tsiv mus rau Orthodox-monarchist txoj hauj lwm. Tshaj tawm hauv Orthodox magazines Soul-he althy Reading, Lavxias Pilgrim, Parishlub neej, Pilot. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1901 thiab 1904, nws cov ntawv tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov khoom sib cais "Los ntawm Chaw Muag Khoom ntawm Orthodox Layman" thiab "Kev Sib Tham Sib Tham."
Los ntawm 1907 txog 1914, Alexander Vasilyevich luam tawm phau ntawv journal "A Writer's Diary", txij li xyoo 1910 - "Lub Teeb thiab Tus Sau Phau Ntawv Teev Npe". Nws tus poj niam A. N. Doganovich, tus kws sau ntawv zoo ntawm menyuam yaus, tau pab nws hloov kho cov ntawv xov xwm. Ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm kev tshaj tawm, Kruglov thuam kev hloov pauv hloov pauv thiab cov ntaub ntawv kev ywj pheej.
Tus kws sau ntawv tuag thaum Lub Kaum Hli 9, 1915 hauv Sergiev Posad. Txog rau hnub kawg, nws tsis tau hloov pauv cov lus qhia ntawm nws tus kws qhia Dostoevsky: tus kws sau ntawv yuav tsum muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm ob tog, ua haujlwm rau nws lub tebchaws thiab cov neeg, ua ib tus ntseeg thiab coj ncaj ncees.
