Windelband Wilhelm: luv luv biography, hnub yug thiab qhov chaw yug, tus tsim ntawm Baden lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm neo-Kantianism, nws philosophical tej hauj lwm thiab sau ntawv

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:52

Cov kev xav keeb kwm ntawm Windelband, nws txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv zej zog, cov cai ntawm kev txhim kho thiab, qhov tsis sib xws, kev thim rov qab muaj feem xyuam rau niaj hnub no, txawm hais tias lawv tau teeb tsa ib puas xyoo dhau los.

Hmoov tsis zoo, nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm, kev paub "superficial encyclopedic" thiab nws cov xwm txheej tsis sib xws yog qhov tshwm sim tsis tu ncua. Ntawd yog, tib neeg kawm ib yam dab tsi thiab, nco ntsoov cov lus ntawm tus kheej, cov ntsiab lus, npe thiab lub xeem, siv lawv hauv lawv tus kheej hais lus, ci ntsa iab nrog erudition. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob ib puag ncig thiab congestion ntawm kev xav txheej txheem. Thiab txawm hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem paub txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb, ua ntej thov rau kev xav dogmas hauv kev sib tham, uas yog, "qhia" rau lawv, siv lawv los ua kev sib cav, ib tus yuav tsum xav txog lawv lub ntsiab lus thiab keeb kwm ntawm lawv qhov tsos.

phim yog dab tsi?

philosophy yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb qub tshaj plaws. Thaum twg thiab qhov twg raws nraim nws keeb kwm yog ib qho kev sib tham, tsuas yog ib qho tseeb: nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb qub qub, qhov kev tshawb fawb no twb tau vam meej thiab tau muaj kev hwm siab.

Lo lus nws tus kheej yog Greek. Txhais lus, txhais tau tias "kev hlub ntawm kev txawj ntse." Philosophy yog ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev paub thiab nkag siab lub ntiaj teb, txhua yam uas tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig, pom thiab hnov rau tib neeg. Ntawd yog, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm hauv lub tswv yim yog txhua yam lus. Ntxiv mus, qhov no tsuas yog science, cov ntsiab lus uas yuav ua tau lwm yam kev qhuab qhia, kev sib raug zoo txheej txheem, nrog rau tej yam ntuj tso phenomena. Ntawd yog, lub tswv yim tuaj yeem kawm txog kev tsim kho ntawm lub cev saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm helminths, tib neeg kev xav, keeb kwm lossis ntawv nyeem, kev ntseeg, thiab lwm yam. Cov npe tsis muaj qhov kawg. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias ib tug neeg tig ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej, nws yuav tsis pom ib yam dab tsi uas tsis tuaj yeem dhau los ua kev kawm hauv kev xav.

Yog, kev xav yog ob txoj hauv kev paub thiab kev qhuab qhia kev tshawb fawb.

Yuav ua li cas neeg perceive science?

Nyob rau tiam dhau los, thaum pib, thaum lub neej ntawm peb lub teb chaws hloov pauv sai heev, piv txwv li, kev nyeem ntawv loj, hluav taws xob thiab roj tau tshwm sim, muaj kev nkag siab zoo txog kev xav ntawm cov neeg. Nws cov ntsiab lus tau npau taws mus rau qhov tseeb tias cov neeg nyob hauv yooj yim, cov neeg ua haujlwm lossis cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv kev ua tsov rog ua ntej USSR tau teb cov lus nug ntawm lub tswv yim dab tsi: verbiage. Tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub tswv yim, ntawm cov tib neeg tau thuam thuam patronizing.

Tej zaum, qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev tshawb fawb no tshwm sim tsis yog vim nws nkag siab yuam kev, tab sis vim yog kev siv tsis tau. Inquisitive thiab heev cunning economic mindsetfeem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv tsis pom qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kawm txog kev xav txawm tias niaj hnub no.

Yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv no science?

Kev faib ntawm kev xav yog, tau kawg, cov lus nug rhetorical. Tab sis tseem muaj qee qhov tseeb, kev tshawb fawb suav nrog ob ntu tseem ceeb:

• kev kawm;
• hom, kev paub.

thawj yog qhov kawm, thiab qhov thib ob yog qhov kawm li cas.

Qhov no txhais tau hais tias muaj ntau yam dej ntws, kev taw qhia, tsev kawm ntawv, lub tswv yim ntawm lub tswv yim - qhov no yog qhov tsim nws qhov thib ob loj.

Yuav muaj kev qhia dab tsi hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no?

Muaj ntau yam kev xav hauv kev xav. Lawv raug faib los ntawm lub sijhawm, los ntawm cheeb tsam, los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev xav tseem ceeb thiab los ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, thaum xaiv cov lus qhia raws li kev faib los ntawm cheeb tsam, ib tus yuav ntsib Western thiab Eastern lub tswv yim, Suav thiab Greek. Yog tias peb siv sijhawm los ua qhov pib, txiav txim siab, tom qab ntawd lub tswv yim medieval, ancient, ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los sawv tawm.

Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws thiab nthuav qhia yog xaiv cov lus qhia raws li cov ntsiab lus uas tau hais tseg, cov kev xav thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, Marxism los yog utopia belongs rau qhov kev coj ntawm lub tswv yim, realism kuj yog ib qho kev taw qhia hauv kev xav, nrog rau nihilism, thiab ntau lwm tus. Txhua qhov kev taw qhia muaj nws lub tsev kawm ntawv. Lub taub hau ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv no yog Wilhelm Windelband.

Neo-Kantianism yog dab tsi?

Neo-Kantianism yogib tug philosophical qauv uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe thaum tig ntawm lub 19th thiab 20th centuries. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog qhov tseeb ntawm lub npe:

• "neo" - new;
• "Kantianism" - ua raws li kev xav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo.

Tau kawg, tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo-philosopher nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no yog Kant. Cov kev taw qhia yog heev muaj nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm hauv nws lub moj khaum, suav nrog Windelband, faib cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no rau hauv xwm thiab kab lis kev cai.

Cov neeg ua raws ntawm qhov qauv no tau tso lawv txoj kev xav hauv ntiaj teb raws li cov lus hais nrov nrov - "Rov qab rau Kant!". Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau tsuas yog rov hais dua Kant cov tswv yim lossis txhim kho lawv, tab sis nyiam cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm nws txoj kev qhia.

Neo-Kantians ua dab tsi?

Wilhelm Windelband, zoo li lwm cov kws tshawb fawb uas qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm neo-Kantianism, tau ua ntau heev. Piv txwv li, lawv cov dej num tau los ua lub hauv paus, piv txwv li hais lus, npaj av rau qhov tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem ntawm xws li ib ceg ntawm kev xav li phenomenology.

Qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim tias cov kws tshawb fawb zoo li Windelband feem ntau nyiam keeb kwm ntawm lub tswv yim thiab nws txoj kev txhim kho ncaj qha, kev cia siab, qhov chaw ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no hauv ntiaj teb uas maj nrawm rau cov khoom siv rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Cov tswv yim hais los ntawm cov neo-Kantians feem ntau cuam tshuam rau cov neeg socialists. Lawv tau los ua lub hauv paus, lub hauv paus rau kev tsim lub tswv yim ntawm kev ncaj ncees socialism.

Neo-Kantianstau muab los, lossis theej, txhawb nqa xws li kev xav txog kev xav zoo li axiology. Qhov no yog lawv lub tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab kev ua tiav. Axiology yog ib txoj kev xav ntawm qhov tseem ceeb. Nws kawm txhua yam ntsig txog lub tswv yim no - los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob, lub ntsiab lus thiab qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb.

Puas muaj kev faib hauv neo-Kantianism?

Cov kws tshawb fawb zoo li Windelband, uas lub tswv yim yog txoj haujlwm, lub xeev ntawm lub siab, thiab tsis yog kev ua haujlwm xwb, tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev kawm. Qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj hauv kev thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm neo-Kantianism tau coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ob lub tsev kawm kev xav txog kev ywj pheej:

YMarburg;

Baden.

Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov neeg txawj ntse hauv txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb, suav nrog Russia.

Dab tsi yog qhov txawv?

Qhov txawv ntawm cov dej num ntawm cov tsev kawm philosophical no yog nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab txog cov teeb meem tseem ceeb, uas yog, nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ncaj qha ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.

Cov neeg ua raws ntawm Marburg lub tsev kawm ntawv nyiam txoj kev kawm txog cov teeb meem hauv cov laj thawj thiab txheej txheem ntawm natural sciences. Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau koom nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv Baden, uas suav nrog Southwestern thiab Freiburg cov tsev kawm, tau muab qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg thiab cov teeb meem ntawm cov nqi system.

Leej twg tsim lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Baden?

Lub tsev kawm ntawv no muaj ob tus tsim. Cov no yog Windelband Wilhelm thiab Rickert Heinrich. Cov kws tshawb fawb no muaj ntau qhov sib xws tsis yog hauv lawv txoj kev xav thiab lub tswv yim, hauv lawv txoj hauv kev kom nkag siab thiab nkag siab lub ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauvbiography thiab cim.

Ob leeg yug hauv Prussia hauv tsev neeg nruab nrab. Ob leeg tau mus kawm high school. Ob leeg yog idealists thiab tended rau pacifism. Ob leeg tau txawv los ntawm kev xav paub thiab tsis yog tub nkeeg mus rau lwm lub nroog rau kev nthuav qhia cov lus qhuab qhia. Ob leeg qhia thiab luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb lawv tus kheej.

Raws li tag nrho cov no, peb tuaj yeem xav tias cov tsim ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Baden yog phooj ywg lossis phooj ywg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis yog txhua qhov teeb meem. Hauv qhov no, kev tsim lub tsev kawm philosophical yog los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm, tsis yog ib khub ntawm cov phooj ywg. Rickert tau kawm txog kev xav ntawm lub tuam tsev hauv Strasbourg xyoo 1885, thiab nws tus thawj coj yog Wilhelm Windelband, uas nws cov lus qhuab qhia thiab keeb kwm hauv nws cov lus qhuab qhia ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob rau yav tom ntej co-founder ntawm Baden School.

tus tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv philosophical nyob li cas?

Tus tsim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Baden thiab yog ib tus tsim cov tswv yim ntawm neo-Kantianism tau yug los hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, uas yog, ib tug nom tswv. Nws tshwm sim hauv Prussia, hauv lub nroog Potsdam, lub Tsib Hlis 11, 1848. Dab tsi yog xav paub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab ntau xyoo txij li kev tuag ntawm tus kws txawj ntse, yog lub hnub yug ntawm hnub yug. Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntsiab lus xws li cov hnub qub, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov cim oriental, cov neeg yug los kuj tau nrog cov lej. Tus naj npawb ntawm hnub yug ntawm German philosopher yog ib tug. Nws qhia txog kev paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej ntawm tus kheej, koob meej thiab lub hwj chim, kev ua thiab kev xav, kev xav, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev vam meej. Tag nrho cov kev zoo no tau muaj nyob hauv Windelband thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej.

Nws kawm ntawm ob lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab:

• in Jena, ntawmXib fwb Kuno Fischer;
• hauv Heidelberg, mus koom chav qhia lus los ntawm Rudolf Hermann Lotze.

Hauv xyoo 1870 nws tau tiv thaiv qhov kev hais tawm uas tsis ua rau muaj kev xav hauv lub voj voog kev tshawb fawb. Nws hu ua "Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Kev Muaj Peev Xwm". Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, tus kws tshawb fawb tau mus ua haujlwm pab dawb rau pem hauv ntej. Nws yog hais txog Franco-Prussian tub rog teeb meem.

1870 yog lub xyoo tsis khoom rau Windelband. Ntxiv nrog rau kev koom tes hauv kev ua phem thiab tiv thaiv nws qhov kev tshaj tawm, nws kuj pib qhia ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ntseeg hauv Leipzig.

Rau xyoo tom qab, Windelband dhau los ua tus xibfwb. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm tsis txaus ntseeg kom mus txog theem zoo li no hauv txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb. Tau kawg, tus kws tshawb fawb tsis tso tseg:

• 1876 - Zurich;
• 1877-1882 - Freiburg;
• 1882-1903 - Strasbourg;
• txij xyoo 1903 - Heidelberg.

Tom qab xyoo 1903, tus kws txawj xav tsis hloov lub nroog. Xyoo 1910 nws tau los ua tus tswv cuab tag nrho ntawm Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, thiab thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1915 nws tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 67.

Dab tsi yog keeb kwm uas tus kws tshawb fawb tau tso tseg?

Windelband Wilhelm sau ob peb phau ntawv. Nws cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb yog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov uas yog Heinrich Rickert, Maximilian Carl Emil Weber, Ernst Troeltsch, Albert Schweitzer, Robert Park - lub hnub qub tiag tiag ntawm kev xav. Raws li phau ntawv no tsuas muaj 4 leeg xwb, ob leeg yog tus nto moo tshaj plaws.

Thawj yog hu ua Keeb Kwm ntawm Ancient Philosophy. Nws pom lub teeb nyob rau hauv 1888, tau muab txhais ua Lavxias teb sab nyob rau hauv 1893 thiab tam sim ntawd los ua incredibly nrov. Ua tsaug rau txoj haujlwm no, Baden Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Philosophy tau txais ntau tus thwjtim.nyob rau hauv Russia.

Qhov thib ob hu ua "History of New Philosophy". Nws tsis tau txais xws li ib tug dav resonance nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tus sau, raws li ib tug thawj, tej zaum vim lub peculiarities ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Phau ntawv tau luam tawm ob ntu hauv xyoo 1878-1880. Nws tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Russia xyoo 1902-1905.

Ntxiv rau, thaum lub neej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, "History and Science of Nature" thiab "On Free Will" tau luam tawm. Phau ntawv no tau luam tawm xyoo 1905, tab sis tau luam tawm nrog ntau qhov kev hloov kho hauv xyoo 1923. Lub npe German rau phau ntawv plaub yog Über Willensfreiheit. Nws cov ntsiab lus cuam tshuam txog cov teeb meem uas tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev coj ntawm lub tswv yim uas tus kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog.