Tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias Sinyavsky Andrey Donatovich, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm tau xaus rau lub Ob Hlis 1997 hauv Paris, tsis yog tsis nco qab hnub no, tab sis tseem yog ib tus tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv txawv teb chaws. Nws lub npe tau hais tas li nyob rau hauv kev sib tham txog kev sib raug zoo-kev nom kev tswv uas tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau pawg neeg sau ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsis yog superfluous nco ntsoov tus neeg txawv txawv no thiab xav txog qhov kev xav thiab lub tswv yim nws xav qhia rau cov xeeb ntxwv.
Los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv keeb kwm
Tus sau yav tom ntej Andrei Sinyavsky yug hauv 1925 hauv Moscow. Nws tau siv nws thaum yau hauv tsev neeg txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Tus kws sau ntawv cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob hauv txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, tab sis kuj tau cim los ntawm kev koom tes hauv cov xwm txheej hloov pauv. Nws yog qhov paub tseeb tias nws yog ib puag ncig kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev txawj ntse uas muaj kev txiav txim siab los ntawm kev tsim tus neeg muaj tswv yim.
Nws nyob hauv ib puag ncig no uas yav tom ntej tus kws sau ntawv nto moo Sinyavsky Andrey Donatovich tau tsim. Tsev neeg txhawb nqa qhov kev xav paub ntawm tus tub hluas. Andrei tau qhia tshwj xeeb hauv kev xav txog kev xav thiab kev kawm lus txawv teb chaws. Tab sis nws txoj kev kawmtau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Txij li thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1941, nws tsev neeg tau nyob hauv kev khiav tawm hauv Syzran. Los ntawm qhov twg, tom qab kawm tiav high school, Andrei Sinyavsky tau sau rau hauv cov tub rog. Nws nkag mus rau Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philology ntawm Moscow State University twb nyob rau hauv 1945, tom qab lub yeej. Tom qab kawm tiav, nws tau ua cov haujlwm scientific ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Ntiaj Teb Literature, thiab tseem qhia nyob rau hauv Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Journalism ntawm Moscow State University thiab nyob rau hauv lub Moscow Art Theatre School.
Literary creativity
Tus kws sau ntawv Andrei Sinyavsky pib nws txoj kev taug mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv zoo nrog cov ntawv tseem ceeb, kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov classics ntawm Lavxias teb sab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Nws txoj haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no tau txais kev lees paub los ntawm cov neeg nyeem ntawv. Tus kws sau ntawv hluas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tsim nyog ob qho tib si hauv lub voj voog ntawm Moscow bohemia thiab deb dhau nws ciam teb. Ua ntej yog qhov kev cia siab zoo thiab muaj kev vam meej ntawm Soviet cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm.
Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau ntawv Andrei Sinyavsky, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm tau txhim kho tau zoo, tab tom npaj ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv hauv nws lub neej. Nws tsis tshua paub tias muaj dab tsi tshwm sim ua ntej ntawm nws.
Abram Tertz
Ntawm ib theem ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, tus kws sau ntawv tau ntsib qhov teeb meem zoo li tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam - tsis muaj peev xwm hais lus thiab sau qhov tseeb txog qhov tseeb ntawm ib puag ncig thiab nws tus cwj pwm ntawm nws. Tsis muaj leej twg yuav tau nyeem lossis hnov dab tsi Andrey Sinyavsky xav hais hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv. Nws cov phau ntawv tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem luam tawm hauv Soviet Union. Tab sis nrhiav tau ib txoj kev tawm. nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg txawvnws tuaj yeem hais txhua yam nws xav hais nrog nws lub npe. Thiab tshaj tawm lawv tej hauj lwm sab nraum lawv lub teb chaws. Andrei Sinyavsky qiv nws lub npe los ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm Odessa thug song. Nws qhia txog kev taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm ib tug me me swindler ntawm haiv neeg Yudais. Yog li ntawd nws thiaj los ua Abram Tertz.
Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov sixties, sab hnub poob luam tawm zaj dab neeg "Lubimov", zaj dab neeg "Kev txiav txim yog los" thiab cov xov xwm tshaj tawm xov xwm "Dab tsi yog socialist realism?", famously thuam cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, tsawg tus neeg xav tias tus sau ntawm cov hauj lwm no yog Andrey Donatovich Sinyavsky. Nws cov phau ntawv tau luam tawm nrog lub npe ntawm Abram Tertz ntawm nplooj ntawv npe. Sinyavsky yog ib tug thawj coj uas tswj kom dag ntxias lub Soviet censorship.
txheej txheem
Tsuas yog tsoomfwv Soviet tsis zam txim rau qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Lub Cuaj Hlis 1965, tus kws sau ntawv raug ntes los ntawm KGB. Lawv coj nws ntawm Nikitsky Boulevard ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb trolleybus. Yog li, Andrei Sinyavsky, uas nws biography tsis tau ua xws li ntse tig mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, los ua ib tug neeg raug txim nom tswv. Ib yam li ntawd, tus kws sau ntawv Julius Daniel, uas kuj tau luam tawm nws cov phau ntawv nyob rau sab hnub poob hauv qab lub npe, kuj raug ntes. Cov txheej txheem Sinyavsky-Daniel tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav.
Nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, cov kws sau ntawv raug txiav txim rau kev ua yeeb yam. Nws zoo ib yam li medieval yos hav zoov raudab laug.
Public txav los tiv thaiv Sinyavsky thiab Daniel
Kev sim ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, uas tau xaus nrog rau xya xyoo kab lus, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam rau pej xeem hauv Soviet Union thiab dhau mus. Ntawm qhov zoo, ntau hauv lub tebchaws tau sawv rau cov neeg raug txim. Thiab qhov no tshwm sim txawm tias unbridled official propaganda. Rau cov tub ceev xwm uas tau teeb tsa qhov kev foob ntawm Sinyavsky thiab Daniel, qhov no tau hloov mus ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Cov neeg tau sau npe kos npe raws li kev thov rov hais dua hauv kev tiv thaiv cov kws sau ntawv thiab txawm mus rau kev tawm tsam hauv nruab nrab ntawm Moscow. Txoj hauj lwm zoo li no yuav tsum muaj kev ua siab loj loj. Cov kws sau ntawv cov neeg tawm tswv yim tuaj yeem ua raws li lawv tau yooj yim. Tab sis lub zog ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg raug txim tau nthuav dav thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Hauv ntau lub nroog nyob sab Europe thiab txawv teb chaws, kev tawm tsam tau muaj nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Soviet diplomatic missions.
Nyob hauv kev poob cev qhev
Xaus Andrey Sinyavsky tau ua haujlwm rau Mordovia, hauv Dubrovlag. Raws li cov lus qhia los ntawm Moscow, nws tsuas yog siv rau cov haujlwm nyuaj tshaj plaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kws sau ntawv tsis tau tso tseg kev sau ntawv. Tom qab lub barbed hlau, Andrei Sinyavsky tau sau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov phau ntawv - "Lub suab ntawm lub hu nkauj", "Tsev nrog Pushkin", "Nyob rau hauv lub ntxoov ntxoo ntawm Gogol". Tus kws sau ntawv tseem tsis tau muaj kev ntseeg siab tias qhov nws tsim hauv tsev lojcuj yuav ncav cuag tus neeg nyeem lub siab nyiam.
Raws li kev ntxhov siab los ntawm thoob ntiaj teb kev xav, tus kws sau ntawv raug tso tawm hauv tsev loj cuj ua ntej nws lub sijhawm kawg. Lub Rau Hli 1971, nws raug tso tawm.
Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw
Hauv xyoo 1973, tus xibfwb tshiab los ntawm Russia, Andrei Sinyavsky, tau tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab Parisian ntawm Sorbonne. Biography ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tseem nyob rau hauv exile. Nws raug caw los qhia nyob rau Fabkis sai sai tom qab nws tawm hauv tsev lojcuj. Tab sis tus kws sau ntawv tsis yog los ntawm kev mus kaw nws tus kheej rau hauv lub rooj zaum tus xibfwb ib leeg. Andrei Sinyavsky, uas nws cov phau ntawv tau tswj kom resonate nrog ntau yam ntawm cov neeg nyeem, thawj zaug hauv nws lub neej pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib qho xwm txheej uas nws yuav luam tawm txhua yam uas nws pom haum. Tsis hais txog censorship. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, dab tsi tau sau rov qab rau hauv Soviet Union tawm los.
nrog rau kev saib xyuas. Hauv particular, "Tawm nrog Pushkin". Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau scandalous phau ntawv sau los ntawm Andrey Donatovich Sinyavsky. Tus kws sau ntawv tus poj niam, Maria Rozanova, yog rau qee qhov nws tus kws sau ntawv. Andrei Sinyavsky tau tsim phau ntawv no hauv kev saib xyuas thiab xa mus rau nws hauv kev sau ntawv ntiag tug los ntawm qab cov hlau nplaum. Los ntawm tus kheej tshooj.
Andrey Sinyavsky, "Ib tsab ntawv qhib rau Solzhenitsyn"
Nrog qee qhov xav tsis thoob, Sinyavsky pom tias tib lub siab nyiam tau pom nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv txawv teb chaws xws li hauv Moscow. Lavxias teb sab emigration yog deb ntawm kev sib sau. Raws li kev hais lus, nws tau muab faib ua ob lub chaw pw hav zoov - liberals thiab patriots. Thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sab kev hlub rau cov ntawv sau thiab sau xov xwm ntawm tus xibfwb Sorbonne tshiab yog qhov tsis zoo. Abram Tertz phau ntawv " Taug kev nrog Pushkin" aroused tshwj xeeb tsis nyiam. Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, cov neeg thuam tau txaus siab rau leej twghaiv neeg Andrey Sinyavsky. Thiab Abram Tertz tsis ua rau cov neeg tuaj saib no poob siab, ua rau nws cem nws cov neeg tawm tsam. Nyob rau hauv nws nto moo "Open Letter rau Solzhenitsyn," nws liam lub npe nrov compatriot ntawm cog ib tug tshiab authoritarianism thiab intolerance ntawm lwm txoj kev xav. Thiab nrog kev hais lus ncaj ncees, nws tau coj mus rau tus neeg hais xov xwm hais tias nws tus kheej yuav tsum liam rau cov teeb meem ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, thiab tsis yog qee cov neeg Yudais mythical thiab lwm qhov tsaus ntuj.
Tom qab qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no, Abram Tertz txoj kev nkag mus rau emigre periodicals raug kaw mus ib txhis. Tus kws sau ntawv Andrei Sinyavsky raug yuam kom xav txog kev nrhiav nws tus kheej phau ntawv journal.
Syntax
tsab ntawv no tau tsim. Tau ntau xyoo, ib qho ntawm cov chaw ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab sab ntsuj plig attraction ntawm Lavxias teb sab emigration tau ua lub magazine "Syntax". Nws tau luam tawm hauv Paris los ntawm Andrei Sinyavsky thiab Maria Rozanova. Phau ntawv xov xwm hais txog ntau yam ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sau ntawv lub neej. Kev tshaj tawm tau pib qhib rau cov neeg uas muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Nws kuj tau luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Soviet Union. "Syntax" coj ib tug nruam polemic nrog rau lwm yam kev tshaj tawm nrov nyob rau hauv emigre voj voog - "Continent" los ntawm Vladimir Maksimov.
