Cov hav zoov dav dav thiab sib xyaw ua ke ua ib feem me me ntawm Russia thaj tsam hav zoov dua li coniferous taiga. Hauv Siberia, lawv tsis tuaj. Broad-leaved thiab sib xyaw hav zoov yog qhov zoo rau European feem thiab thaj tsam Far East ntawm Lavxias Federation. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm deciduous thiab coniferous ntoo. Lawv tsis tsuas yog sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hav zoov sawv, tab sis kuj sib txawv ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tsiaj ntiaj teb, tiv thaiv qhov tsis zoo ntawm ib puag ncig, thiab cov qauv mosaic.
Hom thiab txheej ntawm cov hav zoov sib xyaw
Muaj coniferous-me-leaved thiab sib xyaw-broad-leaved hav zoov. Lub qub loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam continental. Cov hav zoov sib xyaw ua ke muaj qhov pom kev pom tseeb (kev hloov pauv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, nyob ntawm qhov siab). Lub Uppermost tier yog siab spruces, pines, oaks. Ib qho me me loj hlob birches, maples, elms, lindens, qus pears thiab txiv apples, hluas ntoo qhib hav zoov thiab lwm yam. Tom ntej no tuaj cov ntoo qis: roob tshauv, viburnum, thiab lwm yam. Cov theem tom ntej yog tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag: viburnum, hazel, hawthorn, sawv hips, raspberries thiab ntau yam.lwm yam. Tom ntej no tuaj lub semi-shrubs. Nyom, lichens thiab mosses loj hlob nyob rau hauv qab heev.
Cov ntawv nruab nrab thiab thawj cov ntawv ntawm coniferous-small-leaved hav zoov
Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov sib xyaw me me-nplooj tawm ntawm qhov pom tsuas yog theem nrab hauv kev tsim cov hav zoov coniferous. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj yog cov neeg hauv paus txawm: massifs ntawm pob zeb birch (Kamchatka), birch pegs nyob rau hauv hav zoov-steppes, aspen bushes thiab swampy alder hav zoov (sab qab teb ntawm lub European ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation). Cov hav zoov me me yog lub teeb heev. Qhov no pab txhawb rau lush kev loj hlob ntawm cov nyom npog thiab nws ntau haiv neeg. Coniferous-mixed broad-leaved hav zoov, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, belongs rau ruaj khov ntuj tsim. Nws tau muab faib rau hauv thaj chaw hloov pauv ntawm taiga thiab dav-leaved hom. Coniferous-deciduous hav zoov loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub tiaj thiab nyob rau hauv lub qis tshaj roob txoj siv nrog temperate thiab humid climatic tej yam kev mob.
Tswv yim thiab dav-tawm tsam hav zoov
Coniferous-broad-leaved forests loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub warmer cheeb tsam ntawm lub temperate cheeb tsam. Lawv txawv los ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm cov nyom npog. Lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv intermittent kab txaij los ntawm European ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation mus rau Far East. Lawv cov toj roob hauv pes zoo siab rau tib neeg. Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm taiga yog thaj tsam ntawm cov hav zoov sib xyaw. Lawv raug faib thoob plaws thaj tsam ntawm East European Plain, nrog rau dhau ntawm Urals (txog thaj tsam Amur). Lawv tsis tsim ib cheeb tsam tas mus li.
kwv yees ciam teb ntawm thaj chaw European ntawm broadleaf thiab cov hav zoov sib xyaw nyob rau sab qaum tebkhiav raws 57 ° N. sh. Saum toj no, cov ntoo qhib (ib qho ntawm cov ntoo tseem ceeb) yuav luag tag. Sab qab teb yuav luag tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog rau sab qaum teb ciam teb ntawm hav zoov-steppes, qhov twg spruce kiag li ploj mus. Qhov no cheeb tsam yog ib feem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim duab peb sab, ob lub ncov ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv Russia (Ekaterinburg, St. Petersburg), thiab lub thib peb - nyob rau hauv Ukraine (Kyiv). Ntawd yog, raws li qhov kev ncua deb ntawm thaj chaw tseem ceeb mus rau sab qaum teb, dav-tawm, nrog rau cov hav zoov sib xyaw maj mam tawm ntawm qhov chaw dej ntws. Lawv nyiam cov hav dej uas sov dua thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm cov cua txias nrog kev nkag mus rau saum npoo ntawm cov pob zeb carbonate. Ntawm lawv, hav zoov ntawm dav-leaved thiab sib xyaw ua ke maj mam ncav cuag taiga hauv cov arrays me me.
Sab Hnub Tuaj Tebchaws Europe Plain feem ntau yog qhov qis thiab tiaj tus, tsuas yog qee lub sijhawm nce toj. Ntawm no yog cov chaw, basins thiab watersheds ntawm lub loj tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab dej ntws: lub Dnieper, lub Volga, lub Western Dvina. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov dej nyab, meadows yog interspersed nrog forests thiab arable av. Hauv qee thaj chaw, cov lowlands, vim qhov sib thooj ntawm cov dej hauv av, nrog rau cov kev txwv tsis pub, yog cov swampy heev nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Kuj tseem muaj thaj chaw nrog cov av xuab zeb uas cov ntoo thuv loj tuaj. Berry bushes thiab tshuaj ntsuab loj hlob nyob rau hauv swamps thiab clearings. Thaj chaw no yog qhov haum tshaj plaws rau cov hav zoov coniferous-deciduous.
Human Influence
Cov hav zoov dav dav thiab sib xyaw ua ke raug cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub sijhawm ntev. Yog li ntawd, ntau arrays tau hloov ntau heev: ib txwm zaub los yog kiag lirhuav tshem, los yog ib nrab los yog tag nrho hloov los ntawm cov pob zeb thib ob. Tam sim no cov seem ntawm cov hav zoov dav dav, uas tau muaj sia nyob hauv qhov hnyav anthropogenic siab, muaj cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Qee hom, tau poob lawv qhov chaw hauv cov zej zog hauv paus txawm, loj hlob hauv cov chaw muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo los yog tau ua haujlwm hauv lub cev.
Climate
Kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov hav zoov sib xyaw yog me me. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov sov (qhov nruab nrab ntawm 0 txog -16 ° C) thiab lub caij ntuj sov ntev (16-24 ° C) piv rau thaj tsam taiga. Qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo los nag yog 500-1000 mm. Nws nyob txhua qhov chaw tshaj evaporation, uas yog ib tug feature ntawm pronounced leaching dej tswj. Cov hav zoov sib xyaw muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo li no raws li qib siab ntawm cov nyom npog kev loj hlob. Lawv cov biomass nruab nrab yog 2-3 txhiab c / ha. Qib ntawm cov khib nyiab kuj dhau ntawm biomass ntawm taiga, txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev ua haujlwm siab dua ntawm cov kab mob, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov organic teeb meem sai dua. Yog li ntawd, cov hav zoov sib xyaw yog nyias thiab muaj qib siab ntawm cov khib nyiab decomposition dua li taiga coniferous hav zoov.
muab hav zoov av
Cov av sib xyaw hav zoov muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lub hau muaj ib tug heev variegated qauv. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm East European Plain, feem ntau hom yog soddy-podzolic av. Nws yog yav qab teb ntau yam ntawm classical podzolic av thiab yog tsim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawmav-forming pob zeb ntawm loamy hom. Cov av soddy-podzolic muaj tib qhov profile thiab cov qauv zoo sib xws. Nws txawv ntawm podzolic ib qho nyob rau hauv qis qhov loj ntawm cov khib nyiab (txog 5 cm), thiab nyob rau hauv lub thickness ntau dua ntawm tag nrho cov qab ntug. Thiab cov no tsis yog qhov txawv xwb. Soddy-podzolic xau muaj cov lus tshaj tawm humus qab ntug A1, uas nyob hauv qab cov khib nyiab. Nws cov tsos txawv ntawm cov txheej zoo sib xws ntawm cov av podzolic. Sab saum toj muaj cov rhizomes ntawm cov nyom npog thiab tsim cov turf. Lub qab ntug tuaj yeem pleev xim rau hauv ntau qhov ntxoov grey thiab muaj cov qauv xoob. Cov txheej tuab yog 5-20 cm, qhov feem ntawm humus yog mus txog 4%. Sab saum toj ntawm qhov profile ntawm cov av no muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv acidic. Thaum nws tob zuj zus, nws yuav me dua.
Cov av sib xyaw-deciduous forests
Grey hav zoov av ntawm cov hav zoov sib xyaw-deciduous yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam hauv av. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv raug faib los ntawm European ib feem mus rau Transbaikalia. Hauv cov av zoo li no, nag lossis daus nkag mus rau qhov tob heev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntug dej hauv av feem ntau yog qhov tob heev. Yog li ntawd, kev ntub cov av mus rau lawv theem yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntub dej heev.
Cov av ntawm cov hav zoov sib xyaw yog qhov zoo dua rau kev ua liaj ua teb dua li taiga substrates. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam yav qab teb ntawm cov European ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation, arable av ua mus txog 45% ntawm cov cheeb tsam. Ze rau sab qaum teb thiab taiga, qhov feem ntawm thaj av arable maj mam txo. Kev ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no nyuaj vim muaj zog leaching, waterlogging thiab bouldering ntawm cov av. Rau cov qoob loo zooxav tau chiv ntau heev.
Tus yam ntxwv ntawm fauna thiab flora
Cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu hauv hav zoov sib xyaw muaj ntau haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hom kev nplua nuj ntawm flora thiab fauna, lawv tsuas yog piv rau cov hav zoov hav zoov thiab yog tsev rau ntau cov tsiaj nyeg thiab tsiaj txhu. Ntawm no, squirrels thiab lwm yam tsiaj nyob rau hauv cov ntoo siab, noog ua zes ntawm lub crowns, hares thiab hma equip qhov ntawm cov hauv paus hniav, thiab beavers nyob ze ntawm tus dej. Hom kev sib txawv ntawm thaj tsam sib xyaw yog siab heev. Ob leeg cov neeg nyob hauv taiga thiab cov hav zoov dav dav, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov-steppes nyiam nyob ntawm no. Qee tus tsaug zog txhua xyoo puag ncig, thaum lwm tus hibernate rau lub caij ntuj no. Cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu hauv hav zoov sib xyaw muaj kev sib raug zoo. Ntau tus tsiaj txhu noj ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo, uas muaj ntau nyob hauv hav zoov sib xyaw.
Mixed-me-tawm hav zoov yog kwv yees li 90% muaj li ntawm cov ntoo coniferous thiab me-tawm ntoo. Muaj tsis muaj ntau hom broad-leaved. Ua ke nrog cov ntoo coniferous, aspens, birches, alders, willows, thiab poplars loj hlob hauv lawv. Muaj ntau cov hav zoov birch nyob rau hauv massifs ntawm hom no. Raws li txoj cai, lawv yog qhov thib ob - uas yog, lawv loj hlob hauv hav zoov tua hluav taws, tshem tawm thiab tshem tawm, cov av qub tsis siv. Nyob rau hauv qhib qhov chaw, xws li hav zoov regenerates zoo thiab loj hlob sai nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo. Tib neeg kev lag luam ua rau muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm lawv thaj chaw.
Coniferous-broad-leaved forests mas muaj xws li spruce, linden, ntoo thuv, ntoo qhib, elm, elm, maple, thiab nyob rau hauvSab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Russia - beech, tshauv thiab hornbeam. Tib tsob ntoo, tab sis ntawm ntau yam hauv zos, loj hlob hauv thaj av Far East nrog rau txiv hmab txiv ntoo, Manchurian walnuts thiab lianas. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm hav zoov sawv ntawm coniferous-broad-leaved forests nyob ntawm tej yam kev mob, topography, thiab cov av-hydrological tsoom fwv ntawm ib cheeb tsam. Oak, spruce, maple, fir thiab lwm yam tsiaj muaj nyob rau hauv North Caucasus. Tab sis qhov sib txawv tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog Far Eastern forests ntawm coniferous-broad-leaved hom. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cedar ntoo thuv, dawb fir, Ayan spruce, ob peb ntau yam ntawm maple, Manchurian tshauv, Mongolian ntoo qhib, Amur linden thiab cov saum toj no-hais haiv neeg hom zaub.
Txoj kev sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntiaj teb
Moose, bison, wild boars, roe mos lwj thiab sika mos lwj (ib hom qhia thiab yoog) nyob hauv hav zoov sib xyaw. Ntawm cov nas, muaj hav zoov squirrels, martens, ermines, beavers, chipmunks, otters, nas, badgers, minks, dub ferrets. Cov hav zoov sib xyaw muaj nyob hauv ntau hom noog. Ntau ntawm lawv tau teev tseg hauv qab no, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv: oriole, nuthatch, siskin, teb thrush, goshawk, hazel grouse, bullfinch, nightingale, cuckoo, hoopoe, grey crane, goldfinch, woodpecker, dub grouse, chaffinch. Ntau lossis tsawg dua cov tsiaj loj yog sawv cev los ntawm hma, lynxes thiab hma. Cov hav zoov sib xyaw kuj yog tsev rau hares (hare thiab hare), lizards, hedgehogs, nab, qav thiab bears xim av.
cov nceb thiab berries
Berries yog sawv cev los ntawm blueberries, raspberries,lingonberries, cranberries, blackberries, noog cherry, qus strawberries, pob zeb berries, elderberries, roob tshauv, viburnum, sawv hips, hawthorn. Hauv hav zoov ntawm hom no muaj ntau cov nceb noj tau: boletus, porcini, valui, chanterelles, russula, nceb, mis nyuj nceb, boletus, volnushki, ntau kab, boletus, moss nceb, nceb thiab lwm yam. Fly agarics thiab daj ntseg grebes yog cov tshuaj lom macromycetes uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws.
Mixed forests ntawm Russia abound nrog shrubs. Lub substory txheej yog txawv txawv. Oak massifs yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm hazel, euonymus, hma bast, hav zoov honeysuckle, thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb cheeb tsam - brittle buckthorn. Rose hips loj hlob ntawm cov npoo thiab hauv hav zoov teeb. Nyob rau hauv hav zoov ntawm coniferous-broad-leaved hom, kuj muaj liana-zoo li cov nroj tsuag: laj kab tshiab, nce toj siab, bittersweet nightshade.
tshuaj ntsuab
Ntau hom tsiaj siab, nrog rau cov qauv ntsug ntsug, muaj cov nyom ntawm cov hav zoov sib xyaw (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hom coniferous-broad-leaved). Cov feem ntau raug thiab dav sawv cev qeb yog cov mesophilic nemoral nroj tsuag. Ntawm lawv, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntoo qhib dav nyom sawv tawm. Cov no yog cov nroj tsuag uas nplooj phaj muaj qhov dav dav. Cov no suav nrog: hav zoov xyoob ntoo, cov kab mob gout, tsis paub meej lungwort, May lily ntawm lub hav, European hoof, plaub hau sedge, yellowfinch, lanceolate stellate, nomad (dub thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav), amazing violet. Cereals yog sawv cev los ntawm ntoo qhib bluegrass, loj fescue, hav zoov reed nyom, luv-legged pinnate, kis hav zoov thiablos ntawm ib txhia lwm tus. Cov nplooj tiaj tus ntawm cov nroj tsuag no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hloov mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb phytoenvironment ntawm coniferous-deciduous forests.
Ntxiv rau cov hom tsiaj uas muaj hnub nyoog saum toj no, cov khoom loj no kuj muaj tshuaj ntsuab ntawm pawg ephemeroid. Lawv hloov lawv lub caij loj hlob mus rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thaum lub teeb pom kev zoo tshaj plaws. Tom qab daus yaj, nws yog cov ephemeroids uas tsim cov ntaub pua plag paj zoo nkauj ntawm daj anemones thiab goose dos, ntshav corydalis thiab lilac-bluish ntoo. Cov nroj tsuag no mus dhau lub neej voj voog nyob rau hauv ob peb lub lis piam, thiab thaum nplooj ntawm cov ntoo Bloom, lawv qhov chaw saum toj kawg nkaus tuag dhau sijhawm. Lawv ntsib lub sijhawm tsis zoo nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm cov av hauv daim ntawv ntawm tubers, qhov muag teev thiab rhizomes.
