Kev hais lus rau tib neeg hauv kev hais lus yog ib lo lus tshwj xeeb lossis kab lus uas npe tus neeg nyob thiab yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg kab lis kev cai. Nws cov ntaub ntawv hauv Lavxias tau hloov pauv ntau zaus thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, raws li lawv tau tsim ib txhij nrog kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws.
Hnub no, kev hais lus yuav tsum ua raws li cov cai tsis hais. Ib qho ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb yog kev thov rau cov neeg sib txawv lossis rau ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb.
Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus
Raws li poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog, txoj haujlwm hauv zej zog, qib kev sib raug zoo thiab kev paub, peb tsis hais txog tib neeg sib txawv. Intonation yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, raws li cov lus hais yuav siv lub ntsiab lus sib txawv nrog cov intonation sib txawv.
Kev thov rov hais dua:
- Informal - rau "koj", lub npe, "tus phooj ywg" thiab lwm yam.
- Official yog ib lo lus tsis nco qab me ntsis-thov txim rau tib neeg: "ma'am", "sir", "madam", "sir" thiab lwm yam. Feem ntau siv yog "citizen" lossis "comrade".
- Impersonal - cov no yog cov kab lus hais txog tus neeg txawv tebchaws, xws li "kev zam txim", "qhia rau kuv", "Kuv thov txim", "thov" thiab lwm yam.
Cia peb saib cov no thiab lwm yam chaw nyob uas tau txais los ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus.
keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv lees paub dav dav hauv Lavxias
Thawj qhov kev coj ua ntawm kev hais lus tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th thiab tau muab tso rau hauv phau ntawv "Kev taw qhia rau kev coj cwj pwm txhua hnub", uas tau sau los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Peter Ι. Piv txwv li, leej txiv, raws li cov lus sau nyob rau hauv phau ntawv, yuav tsum tau hu ua "sir father", thiab leej niam - "sovereign niam".
Hauv xyoo pua 18th, European style ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab chaw nyob tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia. Tseem muaj ib daim ntawv ntawm kev hais lus zoo rau "Koj". Cov lus hais xws li "nyob zoo madam" thiab "nyob zoo tus tswv" kuj tau siv. Qhov no yog li cas cov neeg txawv teb chaws tau hais, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv kev pabcuam tau pib nrog daim ntawv no. Tom qab ib ntus, cov ntawv luv luv ntawm cov lus hloov pauv tau tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv "sir" thiab "madame".
Cov qauv muaj zog tau siv hauv kev pabcuam: "Koj Tus Thawj Coj", "Koj Honour". Cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe hu ua "Koj Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws", tus huab tais thiab nws tus poj niam - "Koj tus huab tais huab tais", suav - "Koj Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws", cov thawj coj - "koj txoj kev tshav ntuj".
Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, xws li kev thov rau tib neeg li "tus phooj ywg", "citizen", "citizen" tau los siv. Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR, thawj ntawm lawv poobmuaj koob meej thiab yog xyaum tsis siv nyob rau hauv hais lus ethiquette, qhov kev zam yog cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab.
Shape selection
Thaum xaiv daim ntawv hais txog cov neeg hauv Lavxias, cov hauv qab no tau muab rau hauv tus account:
- xwm txheej ntawm qhov xwm txheej (semi-official, official, unofficial);
- degree of acquaintance (tsis paub, paub, tsis paub, paub zoo);
- yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg hais lus (txiv neej lossis poj niam, subordinate lossis tus thawj coj, yau lossis laus);
- tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg sib tham (nruab nrab, hwm, coj zoo, paub).
"koj" lossis "koj"
Hauv Lavxias hais lus kev coj ua ib txwm muaj los ntawm kev thov rau "koj", uas qhia txog kev hwm thiab coj ncaj ncees rau tus neeg sib tham. Daim ntawv no yog siv thaum xa mus rau ib tus neeg hauv cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb: tom haujlwm, hauv tsev, hauv qhov chaw pej xeem. Feem ntau yog "Koj" yog hais tias:
- tus no yog tus tsis paub thiab tsis paub;
- hais lus muaj kev sib raug zoo (cov npoj yaig, xib fwb - tub ntxhais kawm, tus thawj coj - subordinate);
- tus interlocutor yog laus dua los yog tuav txoj haujlwm siab dua;
- ib tug neeg yog ib tug neeg ua haujlwm hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, kev lag luam lossis chaw haujlwm.
Daim ntawv "koj" yeej muaj kev sib txuas lus tsis raws cai: nyob hauv tsev, ntawm cov phooj ywg, thaum so. Qhov ntawd yog, lawv xa mus rau:
- rau tus neeg paub zoo;
- menyuam yaus thiab tub ntxhais hluas;
- tsis paub cov phooj ywg hauv menyuam yaus thiab hluasib puag ncig kev sib txuas lus;
- rau lawv cov menyuam.
Kev ua txhaum loj heev ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab cov qauv ntawm kev hais lus, nrog rau qhov qhia txog kev coj tsis zoo, yog qhov kev thov rau "koj" rau cov neeg ua haujlwm lossis tus neeg laus.
Cov lus hais hloov pauv "tsis muaj npe tus neeg sib tham"
Feem ntau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, faceless cov ntaub ntawv ntawm chaw nyob rau interlocutor yog siv: "Thov txim, nyob qhov twg …?", "Thov txim, kuv yuav nug …?" lwm. Cov lus zoo sib xws yog siv nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kev sib tham thiab tsis raws cai. Lawv yog neeg ncaj ncees thiab nruab nrab.
Cov lus qhia tsis meej yog suav hais tias yog lus dag: "hav, nws nyob qhov twg …?", "Mloog, ua li cas dhau …?" thiab lwm yam.
Daim ntawv qhia chaw nyob
Muaj cov qauv kev hais lus, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyiam cov neeg sib tham lossis pawg neeg. Piv txwv li, "tub hluas", "txiv neej", "girl" thiab lwm yam.
Yog tias tsim nyog txaus siab rau ib pawg neeg, cov lus ruaj khov yog siv: "Nyob zoo cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej!", "Cov npoj yaig!", "Cov phooj ywg!", "Guys!", "Piv txwv!", " Nyob zoo compatriots!” Daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov no yog nyob ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib.
Nominal formulas of speech etiquette
Hauv Lavxias, muaj ntau hom kev hais lus rau tus neeg los ntawm lub npe:
- Lub npe tag nrho: Irina, Tatyana, Alexander. Nov yog qhov chaw nyob uas tau muab tshem tawm rau ib tus neeg.
- Short: Ira, Tanya, Sasha. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauvphooj ywg sib tham.
- Diminutive: Irochka, Tanyusha, Sashenka. Zoo tagnrho rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg paub zoo.
- Rude thiab paub: Irka, Tanya, Sasha. Raws li txoj cai, qhov kev thov rov hais dua zoo li no hauv kev sib tham ntawm cov menyuam yaus hauv tsev kawm.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau Lavxias teb sab lus coj los hais rau tib neeg los ntawm lub npe thiab patronymic - qhov no yog ib qho qauv uas siv rau cov neeg laus, cov npoj yaig, thawj coj, xib fwb, kws kho mob.
Siv thiab chaw nyob tsuas yog lub xeem. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab kev kho mob, nyob rau hauv cov tub rog. Qhov no yog tus qauv thiab suav hais tias yog ib qho nruab nrab thiab coj ncaj ncees.
Thov txim rau tus neeg txawv
Hauv tebchaws Russia, hauv kev coj noj coj ua, hais txog cov neeg txawv tebchaws, xws li "ntxhais", "pojniam", "txiv neej hluas" thiab lwm yam yog siv.
Nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, tshwj xeeb ruaj khov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev hais lus tau tsim, piv txwv li, "Mr. Doctor", "Frau Baker", "Mrs. Professor". Tsis muaj ib lub teb chaws tus qauv ntawm chaw nyob hauv Lavxias teb sab lus, xws li "Mrs - Mister", "Senior - Senorina". Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Western kab lis kev cai, xws li ib tug yooj yim daim ntawv yog siv, xws li "Mr", "Doctor", "Professor", "Client", "Co-Founder" thiab hais txog.
Tam sim no, cov ntawv thov rov hais dua tshiab tau tshwm sim uas koom ua ke cov neeg sawv cev ntawm txhua lub cuab yeej cuab tam thiab ob tog: "compatriots", "compatriots", "Lavxias teb sab". Lawv yogsiv los nyiam cov pej xeem thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ntau ntau.
Hauv kev sib tham, tau txais kev sib txuas lus tsis raug cai. Tom qab nws, raws li txoj cai, lawv ncaj qha mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham. Piv txwv li, “Nyob zoo! Hmo no koj ua dab tsi?” Daim ntawv tshaj plaws yog "koj", uas kuj yog siv hauv kev sib tham nrog cov neeg laus, xws li "Koj puas mus online hnub no?"
