Txhua lub taub hau ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom lag luam muaj kev nkag siab txog cov nqi, cov nqi, cov nqi. Rau kev ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm lub tuam txhab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom meej meej thiab nruj me ntsis tswj cov nqi, muaj peev xwm tswj tau lawv thiab siv zog kom txo tau lawv tas li.
Nyiaj txiag
Muab nws yooj yim, cov nqi sawv cev tus nqi ntawm cov peev txheej siv rau kev tsim khoom, khaws cia thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov khoom. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom taug qab qhov twg thiab qhov ntau npaum li cas cov khoom siv, kev ua haujlwm thiab kev lag luam ntawm lub tuam txhab tau siv. Yog tias qhov no tsis quav ntsej, ces lub koom haum yuav ploj mus.
Yog tias tus thawj tswj hwm tsis xav txog qhov tseeb tias tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nws tsim tau loj hlob, thaum cov txiaj ntsig tsis nce lossis txo qis, qhov no qhia tau tias muaj teeb meem tshwm sim hauv lub neej ntawm kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tsis tu ncua ua ib tug nqi kawm ntawv, tsom xam cov nqi ntawm 1 ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab sim txo lawv los ntawm ntau txoj kev.method.
Kev faib tawm
Tam sim no muaj ntau hom thiab faib cov nqi. Lawv txawv nyob ntawm:
- ntsiab lus - khoom siv, nyiaj ua haujlwm, txiav tawm, txo nqi, lwm yam;
- nqi khoom - txhua qhov kev lag luam muaj nws tus kheej cov nqi tshwj xeeb, cov npe kwv yees tau pom hauv daim duab hauv qab no;
- kev sib raug zoo rau tus nqi - ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj;
- kev sib raug zoo rau qib kev ua lag luam - sib txawv thiab tsis tu ncua;
- kev lees paub tus nqi - cov nqi khoom lag luam (nrog rau cov nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam) thiab cov nqi rau lub sijhawm luv;
- muag - muag thiab ua lag luam;
- ntaus ntawm cov ntsiab lus - singleton thiab multielement;
- kev xaiv kho tau - kho tau thiab tsis kho;
- kev sib raug zoo - ntau lawm thiab tsis tsim khoom.
Qhia tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm uas tau muag rau cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov lag luam tau txais cov nyiaj tau los. Qhov ntsuas no tau qhia hauv cov ntsiab lus nyiaj txiag. Txhawm rau nrhiav tus nqi ntawm qhov ntsuas no, koj yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov nqi ntawm cov khoom lag luam mus rau qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom tsis muag thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm thiab rho tawm cov nyiaj tshuav ntawm cov khoom tsis muag thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm. Cov khoom muag tsis txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom. Tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus nqi.
Thiab cov khoom lag luam muag khoom yog txhua yam khoom, suav nrog cov uas tseem tsis tau muag hauv khw muag khoom.
qauv ntawm tus nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm
Yog tias koj xav txiav txim siab tus nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam, koj yuav tsum faib nws cov nqi tag nrho los ntawm qhov muag. Cov tom kawg nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog siv nyob rau hauv cov lag luam wholesale nqi, uas yog, tsis tau qhia meej tus nqi ntxiv se.
Qhov ntsuas no, uas qhia txog qib ntawm tus nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam, tuaj yeem txhais tau ob qhov kev hloov pauv: cov no yog cov nqi tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm 1 ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam, nrog rau qhov ntsuas piv. characterizing tus nqi thiab nws cov qauv.
Yog tias, raws li kev suav tus nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam tawm, qhov taw qhia tau dhau los ua qis dua ib qho, tom qab ntawd cov khoom lag luam no txhais tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig, yog tias nws siab dua - tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.
Rov qab rau Tus Nqi
Feem ntau, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tsis tsuas yog kom paub tus nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam, tab sis kuj yuav tsum nkag siab tias cov nqi tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo li cas hauv txoj cai. Rov qab rau cov nqi qhia txog tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm 1 ruble ntawm cov khoom muag. Daim ntawv tshuav nyiaj yuav yog cov ntaub ntawv rau kev suav.
Cov qauv nyiaj tshuav yog cov txiaj ntsig ua ntej se faib los ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov khoom. Yog tias peb txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov lej ntawm cov khoom sib npaug, ces cov qauv kev suav zoo li no:
(2200 / 2120)100 %
Hloov pauv hauv qhov taw qhia qhia tias yuav tsum tau ntsuas kev cuam tshuam nrog tus nqi txoj cai lossis tus nqi.
Rov qab los ntawm tus nqi yuav txo qis obrooj plaub: thaum tus nqi nce thiab cov nyiaj tau los txo. Thiab tseem thaum lub tuam txhab kev tswj hwm txhob txwm txo nqi kom thiaj li txhawb kev muag khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov nqi tswj hwm rau kev faib khoom loj hlob.
Yog tias muaj txiaj ntsig tau loj hlob, nws txhais tau tias OPF thiab cov cuab tam tam sim no pib rov qab sai dua.
Tus nqi tsav tsheb
Kev tshuaj xyuas tus nqi ntawm ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam tuaj yeem qhia qhov muaj zog ntawm lub sijhawm. Qhov no piav qhia rau peb tias qee yam cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv. Tshwj xeeb, lawv suav nrog:
- khoom siv ntawm kev lag luam nrog cov khoom siv niaj hnub thiab zoo, nws cov khoom siv, kev pabcuam;
- qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi yuav khoom rau cov khoom siv thiab cov kev pabcuam hauv cov khoom nqi;
- caij nyoog yam (nyob ntawm hom khoom lossis kev pabcuam);
- qhia txog kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab ntau npaum li cas (kev tsim khoom, tus nqi seem);
- dynamic muag nqi rau cov khoom lossis kev pabcuam muab los ntawm lub tuam txhab;
- nrawm ntawm ntim thiab ntau yam ntawm cov khoom catalog;
- hloov tus nqi tsev.
Yuav kom nkag siab tias yam twg muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev nce lossis txo tus nqi, kev tshuaj xyuas qhov tseem ceeb yog ua los txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv hauv cov nqi.
Kev txiav txim siab
Raws li kev txheeb xyuas ntawm tus nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam, peb tuaj yeem faib faib ua 3 pawg:
- thawj pab pawg qhia txog cov nqi ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv raw.
- Qhov thib ob muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua haujlwm.
- Thib peb yog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus nqi zog.
Thiab nyob ntawm seb qhov twg ntawm peb pawg ntau dua, hom kev tsim khoom yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus nqi. Namely:
- khoom siv ntau;
- fund-intensive;
- labor intensive.
Thiab raws li daim duab tau txais, nws tsim nyog kos qhov xaus thiab nrhiav kev daws teeb meem los txo cov nqi ntawm ib pab pawg.
Yog li kev txheeb xyuas tus nqi pib qhov twg? Yuav pib nrog, peb xav tau ib lub rooj ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom, tawg los ntawm cov nqi khoom. Los ntawm nws peb yuav pom cov dynamics thiab sib txawv ntawm cov ntsuas. Thiab tseem nrhiav tau tus nqi qauv thiab txiav txim seb hom kev tsim khoom.
Tom ntej no, peb yuav ua ib lub rooj thiab suav cov nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam muag thiab muag. Lub rooj muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom muag thiab muag thiab lawv cov nqi, tus nqi ib ruble txhua.
Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nqi los ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab ua qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas.
Txoj kev txo nqi
Cia peb saib luv luv ntawm txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los txo cov nqi hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam. Muaj 2 txoj hauv kev los txiav cov nqi:
- Thawj - txo qis cov nqi sib txawv: rationalizing kev siv cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom siv, cov khoom ua tiav ib nrab, roj thiab lub zog, ua kom muaj zog ua haujlwm thiab txhim kho kev siv sijhawm ua haujlwm.
- Qhov kev taw qhia thib ob yog txo cov nqi ib nrab (kev tu cov tshuab thiab khoom siv, cov nqi faib khoom thiabcov nuj nqis dav dav). Mechanization thiab automation ntawm ntau lawm yuav ua lub luag haujlwm zoo hauv qhov teeb meem no.
Nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam kom txo cov nqi, kev qhia txog kev txuag nyiaj ntawm kev lag luam yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau txo cov nqi, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tsis tu ncua tshuaj xyuas thiab ntsuas cov cuab yeej tswj hwm thiab cov nqi ntawm nws cov kev saib xyuas. Kev ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm lub tuam tsev tswj xyuas zoo pab txo qis kev sib yuav.
Case Study
Raws li piv txwv, cia peb coj Ardon LLC, uas tsim cov rooj tog zaum me me. Cia peb saib ntawm Table 1, uas qhia txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tus nqi qauv rau xyoo 2010-2012.
Table 1. Kev sib xyaw thiab cov qauv nqi ntawm LLC "Ardon" rau xyoo 2010-2012.
| Nyiaj | Tus nqi, txhiab rubles. | Tus nqi, txhiab rubles. | Tus nqi, txhiab rubles. | Kev sib txawv, +/- | Structure, % | Structure, % | Structure, % | Kev sib txawv, +/- |
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2012 from 2010 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2012 from 2010 | |
| khoom nqi | 9125 | 14569 | 11692 | +2567 | 88, 8 | 81, 5 | 80, 1 | -8, 7 |
| Nyiaj hli | 360 | 801 | 1520 | +1160 | 3,5 | 4,5 | 10, 4 | +6, 9 |
| Kev txiav txim siab | 108 | 240 | 456 | +348 | 1, 1 | 1,3 | 3, 1 | +2, 0 |
| Kev poob qis | 119 | 152 | 210 | +91 | 1,2 | 0, 8 | 1,4 | +0, 2 |
| Lwm nuj nqis | 556 | 2123 | 732 | +176 | 5,4 | 11, 9 | 5,0 | -0, 4 |
| tag nrho | 10268 | 17885 | 14592 | +4324 | 100 | 100 | 100 | - |
Tom qab soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, peb tuaj yeem suav tus nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Cov ntaub ntawv yog systematized nyob rau hauv lub rooj 2.
Table 2. Kev tshuaj xyuas tus nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam muag thiab muag.
| Indicators | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2012 to 2010, % |
| cov khoom lag luam tawm, txhiab rubles | 14985 | 21052 | 22300 | 148, 8 |
| Tus nqi ntawm TP, txhiab rubles | 10268 | 17885 | 14592 | 142, 1 |
| Muag khoom, txhiab rubles | 14203 | 20607 | 21712 | 152, 9 |
| Tus nqi ntawm RP, txhiab rubles. | 13120 | 16821 | 17676 | 134, 7 |
| Nqi rau 1 ruble ntawm TP, kopecks | 68, 4 | 85,0 | 65, 4 | 95, 6 |
| Tus nqi rau 1 ruble ntawm RP, kop. | 92, 4 | 81, 6 | 81, 4 | 88, 1 |
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub rooj, peb pom tias cov nqi tau txo qis, txawm tias tus nqi nce siab hauv xyoo 2011. Qhov no qhia txog kev siv cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig, nce ntau ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov cuab tam ruaj khov.
Tom ntej, peb tig mus rau Table 3 los tshuaj xyuas tus nqi dynamics.
Table 3. Dynamics ntawm tus nqi ib 1 ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam tawm.
| Nyiaj | Nyiaj, txhiab rubles. | Nyiaj, txhiab rubles. | Nyiaj, txhiab rubles. | Nqi rau 1 rub. | Nqi rau 1 rub. | Nqi rau 1 rub. | Kev sib txawv, +/- | ||
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2012 from 2010 | |||
| TP, txhiab rubles. | 14985 | 21052 | 22300 | - | - | - | - | ||
| khoom nqi | 9125 | 14569 | 11692 | 60, 9 | 69, 2 | 52, 4 | -8, 5 | ||
| Nyiaj hli | 360 | 801 | 1520 | 2,4 | 3,8 | 6, 8 | +4, 4 | ||
| Kev txiav txim siab | 108 | 240 | 456 | 0, 7 | 1, 1 | 2,0 | +1, 3 | ||
| Kev poob qis | 119 | 152 | 210 | 0, 8 | 0, 7 | 0, 9 | +0, 1 | ||
| Lwm yamnqi | 556 | 2123 | 732 | 3,7 | 10, 1 | 3,3 | -0, 4 | ||
| Tus nqi | 10268 | 17885 | 14592 | 68, 5 | 85,0 | 65, 9 | -2, 6 |
Tom qab tshuaj xyuas qhov piv txwv, peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb kev tswj hwm kev lag luam muaj peev xwm nce nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo li cas. Yog li, peb tau suav tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev suav cov nqi ib ruble ntawm cov khoom lag luam, thiab tseem suav cov nqi ntawm cov nqi hauv lub sijhawm kawm.
