Thaj chaw thiab tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen: piav qhia thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

Cov txheej txheem:

Thaj chaw thiab tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen: piav qhia thiab nthuav qhov tseeb
Thaj chaw thiab tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen: piav qhia thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

Video: Thaj chaw thiab tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen: piav qhia thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

Video: Thaj chaw thiab tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen: piav qhia thiab nthuav qhov tseeb
Video: Saib Mis paub Poj niam (hluas nkauj) tus yam ntxwv lub siab 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Tyumen Thaj Chaw, uas yog qhov thib peb loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia, ib txwm muaj thiab tseem nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no ib qho ntawm lub teb chaws cov cheeb tsam tseem ceeb. Txawm hais tias muaj kev nyab xeeb hnyav, nws tab tom txhim kho kev lag luam, cov chaw tsim khoom tau tsim ntawm no, thiab cov pej xeem tau nce ntxiv. Tau kawg, ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav ntawm thaj av qaum teb yog cov nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm cov peev txheej ntuj. Feem ntau ntawm lub teb chaws cov roj thiab cov roj khaws cia yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub autonomous regions.

tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen
tag nrho cheeb tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen

Qhov tseeb ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm thaj av

Kev sib hais haum ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj av Tyumen niaj hnub pib nyob rau sab qaum teb (Late) Paleolithic txog 43 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Qhov tseeb no tau lees paub los ntawm kev pom zoo nyob ze ntawm lub zos Baigara - supracalcaneal (talus) pob txha ntawm hominid. Nws qhov loj me yog kwv yees li 4.5 x 5 cm, thiab nws tau koom nrog cov neeg laus hnub nyoog 20-50 xyoo, uas nyob hauv cov chaw no 43 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Nws yog assumed tias hominid belongs rau genus Homo sapiens.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen yog qhov loj heev, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb qub txeeg qub tes muaj qhov chaw "roam" hauv kev tshawb nrhiav kev pom zoo ntawm kev sib hais thaum ntxovcov av no. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Andreevsky Lake thiab Tura, thawj qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg nyob (qhov chaw faus neeg thiab qhov seem ntawm cov chaw nyob) tau pom. Lawv suav nrog Sargat kab lis kev cai uas muaj nyob rau hauv 7th-6th centuries. BC e. Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo txhiab, kev sib hais haum ntawm nomads pib: Ugrian thiab Samoyed pab pawg neeg, uas raug yuam tawm ntawm sab qab teb los ntawm cov neeg hais lus Turkic. Sib xyaw nrog cov haiv neeg hauv paus txawm, lawv tsim haiv neeg tshiab, tshwj xeeb yog Mansi thiab Khanty, Selkups, Nenets.

Nyob rau xyoo 13th-16th, lub peev ntawm Tyumen Khanate ntawm Kereites thiab Tatars nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Tyumenka. Nws yog nyob rau hauv vassal dependence rau medieval sab hnub tuaj xeev ntawm lub Golden Horde. Tom qab crushing lub tom kawg rau hauv cais khanates, thawj lub koom haum yog tsim nyob rau hauv Siberia - tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Great Tyumen. Nws tau hloov los ntawm Siberian Khanate hauv 1420 nrog nws cov peev hauv Qashlyk.

Kev sib tw Siberia

thaj tsam ntawm Tyumen cheeb tsam tsis muaj autonomous koog tsev kawm ntawv
thaj tsam ntawm Tyumen cheeb tsam tsis muaj autonomous koog tsev kawm ntawv

Tam sim no, tag nrho thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen (xws li cov cheeb tsam tswj hwm tus kheej) yog 1,464,173 km2,thiab qhov no yog tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm Western Siberia. Cov cheeb tsam yog thawj ntawm txoj kev ntawm Russians mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Los ntawm lawv tuaj txog hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. lawv tau nyob hauv Nenets (reindeer herders), Khanty thiab Mansi taiga cov neeg yos hav zoov thiab cov neeg nuv ntses. Tus naj npawb ntawm pawg neeg yog kwv yees li 8 thiab 15-18 txhiab tus neeg, feem. Nyob rau sab qab teb nyob Turkic pab pawg, uas tau sau ua ke hu ua "Tatars".

Nws feem ntau lees txais tias kev nce qib ntawm cov neeg Lavxias hauv Siberia tau ua tiav txoj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Lawv muaj feem yuav nkag mus rau thaj chaw tshiab dua li kev kov yeej lawv. Active kev loj hlob los ntawm MoscowLub Urals thiab Trans-Urals pib tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Novgorod nyob rau hauv 1478, tab sis mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th nws tsuas yog txwv rau ob peb txoj kev vam meej. Siberian Khanate tau txais lub zog thiab dhau los ua kev hem thawj rau thaj av sab hnub tuaj. Tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov khoom nplua nuj ntawm cov tub lag luam Stroganov nyob rau hauv 1573, tsim los ntawm Kuchum, lub detachment tau nruab, coj los ntawm Ataman Yermak. Nws tau qhib txoj hauv kev mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj rau Muscovites, kev kov yeej Siberia los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis tuaj yeem nres. Me ntsis tsawg tshaj li ib puas xyoo tom qab, nws tau tag nrho rau hauv lub xeev Lavxias.

thaj chaw thiab thaj chaw ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen

Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen yog 1,464,173 km 2, thaj av tau nyob thib peb hauv qhov loj tom qab koom pheej ntawm Sakha (Yakutia) thiab thaj chaw Krasnoyarsk.. Qhov ntev ntawm sab hnub poob mus rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb yog 1400 km thiab 2100 km, feem. Lub cheeb tsam Tyumen nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm thaj av qis West Siberian Plain. Sab qaum teb tshaj plaws yog Cape Skuratov ntawm Yamal Peninsula, sab qab teb yog nyob rau hauv Sladkovsky District, sab hnub poob yog lub hauv paus ntawm tus dej Severnaya Sosva, thiab sab hnub tuaj yog nyob rau hauv Nizhnevartovsky District. Ib feem ntawm thaj av yog ntxuav los ntawm cov dej ntawm Kara Hiav Txwv, lwm ciam teb ntawm Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk thiab Arkhangelsk cheeb tsam, lub Komi koom pheej, thiab Kazakhstan. Thaj av tau txais nws lub npe niaj hnub no thaum Lub Yim Hli 14, 1944.

Administrative-territorial division

thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam tyumen yog dab tsi
thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam tyumen yog dab tsi

Muaj ob lub chaw tswj hwm tus kheej ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj av: Yamalo-Nenets thiab Khanty-Mansi. Nyob rau hauv 1993, lawv tau txais ib tug zoo xws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Federation, tab sis officially lawv tseem yog ib feem ntawm lub Tyumen cheeb tsam. Lawv zoo siab nrog lawv qhov loj me: 769,250 km2 thiab 534,801 km2 feem. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm Tyumen cheeb tsam tsis muaj autonomous koog tsev kawm ntawv tsis loj heev - tsuas yog 160,122 km2.

Cov cheeb tsam suav nrog 29 lub nroog, qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv: Tyumen (720,575 tus neeg), Surgut (348,643 tus neeg), Nizhnevartovsk (270,846 tus neeg), Nefteyugansk (125,368 tus neeg), Novy Urengoy (111,163 tus neeg), Noyabrsk (311 tus neeg), neeg). Tobolsk (daim duab saum toj no) thiab Khanty-Mansiysk tab tom mus txog 100,000 cim. Ntawm cov nroog, me me predominate - txog li 50 txhiab tus neeg. Lub cheeb tsam tau muab faib ua 38 cheeb tsam, muaj 480 lub nroog.

Kev nyab xeeb ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm cheeb tsam

Vim qhov tseeb tias thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen loj, kev nyab xeeb hauv qee thaj chaw tuaj yeem sib txawv, nrog rau cov tsiaj thiab tsiaj txhu. Lub cheeb tsam loj yog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm arctic suab puam, hav zoov-tundra thiab tundra, taiga, hav zoov-steppe thiab hav zoov sib xyaw. Lub cheeb tsam yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm huab cua thiab huab cua huab cua rau feem ntau. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm Far North muaj xws li Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Berezovsky thiab Beloyarsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm KhMAO-Yugra, cov thawj tswj hwm ntawm yav tas los thiab Uvatsky koog tsev kawm ntawv yog sib npaug rau lawv.

thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen
thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen

Arctic (polar) huab cua dominates nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm cheeb tsam nrog txhua xyoo huab cua tsis zoo. Nws yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov sib thooj ntawm lub hiav txwv txias Kara thiab lub xub ntiag ntawm permafrost, ib tug abundance.dej ntws, swamps thiab pas dej. Kev nyab xeeb ntawm Arctic yog lub caij ntuj no ntev (txog 8 lub hlis), lub caij ntuj sov luv luv, nag lossis daus thiab cua daj cua dub. Qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kub yog qhov tsis zoo, kwv yees li -10 ° C, nyob rau lub caij ntuj no qhov qis qis yog tsau ntawm -70 ° C. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm Tyumen cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua puag, yog ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov (ua tib zoo saib rau daim ntawv qhia saum toj no, lub AO yog ntxoov ntxoo).

Huab cua hauv nruab nrab thiab sab qab teb ntawm thaj av

Lub nruab nrab thiab sab qab teb ntawm thaj av Tyumen raug rau huab cua huab cua, uas tsim nyob rau sab qaum teb Hemisphere. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv loj hauv atmospheric siab, huab cua kub, thiab kev hloov pauv hauv huab cua. Tag nrho cov no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm cyclones. Kev nyab xeeb huab cua muaj plaub lub caij sib txawv: lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj sov (lub ntsiab), lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav (nruab nrab). Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, cov daus npog tas li yog tsim. Kev nyab xeeb tuaj yeem sib txawv hauv qhov hnyav los ntawm temperate mus rau sharply continental. Yog li, lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm nrog huab cua kub qis dua 0 ° C yog 130 hnub hauv ib xyoos hauv lub peev ntawm cheeb tsam. Thaj chaw nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm thaj av Tyumen yog kwv yees li 1/3 ntawm tag nrho thaj chaw.

Mineral resources

thaj tsam ntawm sab qab teb ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen
thaj tsam ntawm sab qab teb ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen

thaj tsam Tyumen muaj hydrocarbon reserves, uas pom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws qhov tob uas lub ntsiab ntawm lub teb chaws cov pa roj thiab roj yog concentrated. Tag nrho cov ntim ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav drilling tau tshaj 45 lab m3. Roj yog tsim nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Ob, thiab roj nyob rau sab qaum tebthaj chaw. Kev loj hlob sai ntawm cheeb tsam yog txuam nrog cov txheej txheem. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws thiab nplua nuj hydrocarbon deposits yog Fedorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, Samotlorskoye, roj - Yamburgskoye, Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye. Peat, quartz xuab zeb, sapropels, limestone, pob zeb zoo nkauj, hlau ore (tooj liab, chromite, lead) yog mined.

dej thiab hav zoov

tyumen cheeb tsam
tyumen cheeb tsam

Lub cheeb tsam muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov dej tshiab, uas yog tsom rau hauv cov dej ntws loj - Irtysh thiab Ob (uas muaj tus nqi navigable), Tobol, pas dej Bolshoy Uvat, Chernoye, thiab lwm yam. thaj tsam Tyumen hauv sq. km, nyob ntawm hav zoov, yog sib npaug rau 430,000 (43 lab hectares). Raws li qhov ntsuas no, nws nyob qib thib peb ntawm txhua cheeb tsam ntawm lub tebchaws. Nyob rau sab qab teb muaj cov dej kub, qhov kub ntawm qhov kub ntawm 37 mus rau 50 ° C, lawv muaj cov khoom siv balneological thiab nrov tsis yog cov neeg nyob hauv zos xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi.

Cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam Tyumen

Tau kawm txog thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam Tyumen hauv qeb ntawm cov cheeb tsam, nws loj npaum li cas, peb tuaj yeem ua qhov kev txiav txim siab tias cov pej xeem yuav tsum loj. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau ua ib qho nyiaj pub dawb rau cov huab cua hnyav hnyav uas nws nyuaj heev rau kev nyob. Lub cheeb tsam Tyumen nrog cov pej xeem ntawm 3,615,485 tus neeg (raws li 2016 cov ntaub ntawv, suav nrog cov cheeb tsam tswj hwm) tsis txawm poob rau hauv nees nkaum saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm kev ntaus nqi ntawm cheeb tsam Lavxias raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev suav pej xeem zaum kawg. Thiab qhov no txawm tias qhov tseeb tias nws yog qhov thib peb ntawm thaj chaw. Cov pejxeem tsawg heev - 2.47tus neeg rau ib square kilometers. Cov neeg feem coob nyob hauv nroog - 80, 12%, uas yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, vim nws nyuaj rau kev ciaj sia nyob hauv cov zos nyob deb nroog thiab cov nroog hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm permafrost thiab tundra.

thaj tsam ntawm Tyumen cheeb tsam hauv sq km
thaj tsam ntawm Tyumen cheeb tsam hauv sq km

Raws li lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg, feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem, raws li kev suav pej xeem xyoo 2010, yog Lavxias (69.26%). Nyob rau hauv thib ob thiab thib peb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm Tatars (7.07%) thiab Ukrainians (4.63%). Muaj txawm tsawg dua Bashkirs thiab Azerbaijanis, 1.37% thiab 1.28% feem. Qhov feem ntawm lwm haiv neeg tsawg dua 1%. Cov neeg hauv paus txawm nyob rau sab qaum teb: Nenets, Khanty thiab Mansi yog sawv cev los ntawm 0.93%, 0.86% thiab 0.34% raws li.

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