Lub Voronezh, Caucasian thiab Danube biosphere reserves yog qhov loj tshaj plaws kev tiv thaiv cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv lub post-Soviet qhov chaw. Dab tsi yog biosphere cia? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ib tug tiv thaiv cheeb tsam nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb ecological system. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev saib xyuas thiab kawm txog tej yam ntuj tso ib puag ncig yog tas li ua rau nws thiab thaj av nyob ib sab ntawm nws.
History ntawm Voronezh Nature Reserve
Kev tsim lub xeev cia yog feem ntau vim yog beavers. Vim hais tias ua ntej pib ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, muaj ib tug neeg yos hav zoov menagerie nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws tiaj ua si, nyob rau hauv uas tus mos lwj thiab beavers tau thawj coj. Lub tom kawg tsim ib tug loj loj colony.
Keeb kwm ntawm lub pov tseg hnub rov qab mus rau 1919. Tom qab ntawd rau kev kawm ntawm xwmIb qho kev ntoj ke mus kawm tau raug xa los ntawm lub xeev Voronezh. Nws tau siv ib pab pawg kws tshawb fawb plaub xyoos ntev los tshawb nrhiav thaj chaw uas tam sim no Voronezh Biosphere Reserve nyob. Tom qab ntawd, tus thawj coj ntoj ke mus thov kom npaj cov neeg saib xyuas mus tas li txhawm rau tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev puas tsuaj.
Tam sim no xyoo 1923, thaj chaw tiv thaiv tau tsim, uas khiav raws tus dej Usman, qhov twg tsawg dua ib puas beavers nyob thaum ntawd. Ua tsaug rau tib neeg kev saib xyuas, tus naj npawb ntawm beavers tau nce ntau, thiab lawv tsis nyob rau ntawm verge ntawm extinction. Xyoo 1927, thaj chaw tiv thaiv tau dhau los ua qhov chaw khaws cia. Thiab xyoo 1985 nws tau los ua biospheric.
Main Tasks
Lub Voronezh Biosphere Reserve nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Voronezh thiab Lipetsk cheeb tsam. Nws cheeb tsam yog ntau tshaj 30 txhiab hectares. Cov cim ntawm cov ciam teb yog cov duab ntawm tus beaver thiab ib tug mos lwj framed los ntawm ceg.
Nyob hauv peb lub sijhawm, qhov chaw no yog thaj chaw tshwj xeeb, uas nthuav tawm ntau hom tsiaj thiab tsiaj.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm yog kev txuag cov hav zoov hav zoov, kev nplua nuj ntawm tsiaj tsiaj, thiab kev kawm txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm ecological. Tsis tas li ntawd, Voronezh State Biosphere Reserve yog qhov chaw uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog kev kawm ib puag ncig ntawm cov pejxeem.
Nroog ntiaj teb
Nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm cov niaj hnub cia muaj ntau cov nroj tsuag tsis tshua muaj. Ntawm no yog ib qho amazing ua ke ntawm ntoo qhib, ntoo thuv, birch thiab aspen ntoo.
YBiosphericLub Voronezh Reserve yog ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb uas tsis tshua muaj taiga nroj tsuag, blueberry, tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj coob tus reservoirs ntawm nws thaj chaw. Yog li ntawd, ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam tsis tshua muaj nroj tsuag uas loj hlob hauv swamps thiab dej ntws. Ntawm lawv yog cov hav zoov hav zoov uas pib tawg thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, nrog rau cov paj ci ntawm iris thiab marsh marigold.
Nyob rau huab cua kub, dej-lily, dej-lily thiab dej-lily paj tshwm rau ntawm pas dej thiab hav zoov hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog raws tus dej Ivnitsa, ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov noog loj hlob. Thiab nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Chistoye koj tuaj yeem pom cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag - hom cuav reed.
Nyob ntiaj teb
Kev tsim cov khoom cia yog txuam nrog cov tsos ntawm beavers, yog li kev tiv thaiv thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov tsiaj no thiab lwm yam tsiaj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Lub Voronezh Biosphere Reserve yog neeg nyob los ntawm cov tsiaj loj loj. Cov no yog cov npua qus, roe mos lwj, elk thiab mos lwj liab.
Tus neeg tua tsiaj ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev cia siab yog hma liab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsiaj loj dua, xws li hma, kuj pom nyob hauv thaj chaw. Tau kawg, qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub cia yog nyob ntawm beavers, uas tau multiplied los ntawm ob peb lub kaum rau ob peb puas.
Lub Voronezh Biosphere Reserve yog nyob ntawm cuaj hom marten. Koj tuaj yeem pom badgers ntau zaus thiab. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau yog cov tsiaj ntawm tsev neeg hamster. Ntawm cov hom no, feem ntauntsib ntau yam voles, xws li ntau, bank, dej thiab tsaus.
Tseem muaj noog ntau nyob rau hauv cia. Geese, sparrows thiab falcons feem ntau yog.
Keeb kwm ntawm Danube Biosphere Reserve
Keeb kwm ntawm thaj chaw tiv thaiv no hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo 1981, thaum Danube dej nyab tau tsim los ntawm ib ceg ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub Reserve. Tom qab ntawd nws nyob thaj tsam ntawm yuav luag 15 txhiab hectares. Ua tsaug rau World Bank cov nyiaj pab, xyoo 1995 nws muaj peev xwm los teeb tsa Danube Biosphere Reserve loj loj raws li thaj chaw tiv thaiv me me.
Nws tau txais nws qhov loj tam sim no hauv xyoo 1998, tom qab Tsab Cai ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub xeev tau nce nws thaj chaw rau yuav luag 50 txhiab hectares. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov niaj hnub cia muaj xws li Stentsivsko-Zhebriyansky plavni, Zhebriyansky Ridge, Ermakov Ruslovy Island. Nws kuj muaj xws li ib tug ntses ua liaj ua teb, uas nyob ze.
Qhov kev pab cuam rau kev txhim kho thaj chaw tiv thaiv muab kev nthuav dav ntawm Danube Reserve los ntawm 2015 ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov dej muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov ecosystem, uas nyob ntawm lub nroog Reni. Yog li ntawd, sai sai no lub cia yuav nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov dej muaj nqis tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub Danube cheeb tsam.
Kev ua ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb
Lub Danube Biosphere Reserve tau tsim los txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj av Danube. Cov kws tshawb fawb ua tib zoo kawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm Danube Delta, ua haujlwm saib xyuas keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lub xeev ecological, thiab tseem qhia cov pej xeem.
Ntxiv rau,kev tshawb fawb hauv kev txuag, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog kev kawm txog cov yam ntxwv anthropogenic uas cuam tshuam rau lub xeev ntawm ecosystem tag nrho. Cov xwm txheej kuj tseem muaj nyob ntawm no los pab txo tus neeg tsim kev cuam tshuam rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus.
Lub ciam teb koom tes nrog cov koom haum thoob ntiaj teb, suav nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm UNESCO cov haujlwm. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, kev saib xyuas pej xeem tau mob siab rau cov teeb meem ib puag ncig ntawm thaj av no.
Tsis yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu ntawm thaj chaw cia, tab sis kuj tau kawm txog kev hloov pauv dej thiab huab cua. Lub xeev ntawm cov dej Danube, swamps thiab me me dej kuj tseem saib xyuas tas li.
Flora of the reserve
Cov paj ntawm cov ciam teb yog nplua nuj hauv cov nroj tsuag tshwj xeeb. Nws cov nroj tsuag suav nrog yuav luag 600 hom sib txawv. Qhov no ntau haiv neeg ntawm flora yog khaws cia vim heev fertile av, raws li zoo raws li ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm noo noo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov av muaj cov av xuab zeb loj heev uas nqa los ntawm tus dej.
Cov nroj tsuag nrov tshaj plaws yog cattail thiab bulrush. Ntawm ntug dej ntawm Danube, koj tuaj yeem pom willow thickets, uas yog hais txog 100 meters dav. Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no muaj dawb, peb-stamen, loshka thiab lwm hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag no. Nyob rau hauv ntug hiav txwv dej ntawm qhov cia, koj tuaj yeem pom amorphous hav txwv yeem, hiav txwv buckthorn, thiab tamorizk galazy.
Koj tuaj yeem pom thaj chaw me me ntawm cov nroj tsuag dej hauv cov nyom siab. Dawb dej lilies, ntaub thaiv npog floaters, ntab walnut thiab ntab salvinia yogtsawg hom nroj tsuag uas muaj nyob rau hauv biosphere cia. Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, cov duab ntawm cov tsiaj tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm Ukraine. Tab sis ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, cov nroj tsuag tsis tshua muaj tam sim no nyiam nyob hauv tej yam ntuj tso.
fauna
Tus fauna ntawm Danube Reserve kuj txawv. Qhov coob ntawm hom ntog rau cov noog. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw tiv thaiv no yog vim muaj cov khoom noj khoom haus ntau. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom ib tug seagull, ib tug heron, grey goose, ib lub tsho, swan, ducks thiab tern. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj tsawg hom noog. Ntawm lawv, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis hais lub liab pelican, spoonbill, curly pelican thiab liab-throated goose. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw cia, tsis yog cov noog so thaum lub sijhawm ya, tab sis kuj muaj qee lub caij ntuj no.
Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom txog 100 hom ntses. Qee yam ntawm lawv hom yog tsawg heev, piv txwv li, umber, me me thiab loj chop, sturgeon, thiab Danube salmon. Ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw cia, koj tuaj yeem ntsib cov npua qus, miv hav zoov thiab aub raccoon, nrog rau ntau lub kaum os cov tsiaj reptiles thiab amphibians. Ntawm cov neeg nyob ntawm thaj chaw cia muaj ntau tshaj 20 hom kab uas tau teev nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Liab.
Keeb kwm ntawm Caucasian Biosphere Reserve
Nws keeb kwm pib xyoo 1924. Txij thaum ntawd los, thaj chaw tiv thaiv no pib muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm qib kev cai lij choj. Yav dhau los, lub koom haum "Kubanskaya Okhota" tau nyob ntawm no. Thaj chaw ntawm Caucasian Biosphere Reserve yog ntau tshaj 250 txhiab hectares. Qhov no reserve yog tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv nws kev zoo nkauj thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm tsiaj hom thiabflora.
Lub Caucasian Biosphere Reserve nyob rau hauv 1999 tau suav nrog hauv UNESCO cov npe ntawm cov chaw ntuj tsim ntiaj teb tseem ceeb. Txij li xyoo 1997, thaj chaw tau ua ib feem ntawm thoob ntiaj teb network ntawm biosphere reserves. Qhov no tsuas yog qhov tshwj tseg ntawm Greater Caucasus, uas nyob ntawm qhov siab ntawm yuav luag 3.5 km saum toj no hiav txwv theem.
kev ruaj ntseg
Lub Biosphere Reserve ntawm Caucasus yog ib qho khoom ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj kev tiv thaiv thiab kev kawm ua haujlwm. Tab sis dab tsi yog biosphere cia thiab nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog dab tsi?
Lub Caucasus Nature Reserve yog thaj chaw tiv thaiv nruj heev uas koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom ntuj tsim tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ntuj tsim lossis kev tshawb fawb. Nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv nws thaj chaw, saib xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm biosphere, nrog rau kev saib xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia, thiab tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm cov xwm txheej no.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov ciam teb yog ua los ntawm kev tiv thaiv nws thaj chaw los ntawm kev ua lag luam, vim tias nws yuav tsum nyob twj ywm yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv los ntawm tib neeg. Cov kws tshawb fawb xav txog kev tshaj xov xwm ua lawv pab, uas pab ua haujlwm kev kawm ntawm cov pej xeem.
Reserve Landscape
Lub Caucasian National Reserve muaj qhov chaw tshwj xeeb. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom alpine toj siab, pob zeb, basins, cuesta ridges, ntau lub pas dej me me thiab roobdej ntws, coniferous thiab mixed forests.
Dab tsi yog biosphere cia nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zoo li no? Nws muaj ib tug roob nyem, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ntsug zonality. Muaj nival, subalpine, sib xyaw hav zoov, coniferous thiab beech hav zoov thiab lwm yam. Hauv cov gorges koj tuaj yeem pom hav zoov thiab meadows, nrog rau cov pas dej thiab roob ntws. Lub ncov ntawm lub roob yog npog nrog glaciers nyob mus ib txhis, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau kwj ntawm lub reserve originate.
Ntsuab
Cov paj ntawm lub cia muaj ntau yam. Nyob rau tib thaj chaw muaj ob qho tib si tundra nroj tsuag thiab tshav kub-hlub sawv daws yuav. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov nroj tsuag ntawm cheeb tsam muaj yuav luag 3 txhiab hom, ntawm uas ntau tshaj 200 hom yog nyob ntawm ntoo thiab shrubs.
Unique firs loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub cia. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov nroj tsuag uas tau khaws cia txij li lub sijhawm ua ntej glacial. Cov no yog holly, yew, laurel cherry thiab ginseng. Kuj tseem muaj ntau hom txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov nroj tsuag tshuaj.
Tsiaj ntiaj teb ntawm Caucasian Reserve
Natural reserves yog tsim los khaws cov tsiaj tshwj xeeb uas nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam. Ntau tshaj 70 hom tsiaj nyob hauv Caucasian Reserve. Ntawm lawv yog cov npua qus, dais, mos lwj liab, lynx, Kuban hma, hma, badger, martens thiab lwm yam tsiaj tsis tshua muaj. Cov nyuj muaj zog yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev cia.
Ntxiv rau, ntau dua 240 hom noog tuaj yeem pom ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw cia. Cov no yog cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj xws li cov dev vwm, griffon vulture, golden eagle, Caucasian dub grouse. Ntau yam ntawm nonoog zes ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Caucasian Biosphere Reserve.
Kev txaus siab ntawm qhov cia yog ntau hom ntses, uas muaj txog 20 hom. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov dej ntws koj tuaj yeem pom brook trout. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kaum hom amphibians, xws li newt, ntoo qav thiab Caucasian krestovka, nrog rau yuav luag 20 hom tsiaj reptiles. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog Caucasian lizard thiab viper. Ntau cov nceb loj hlob nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw cia - yuav luag ib txhiab hom. Ntawm lawv muaj 20 tus uas teev nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Liab.
