Lub Chaw Hav Zoov Central nyob qhov twg? Central Forest State Biosphere Reserve: piav qhia, xwm thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:00

Nws yog qhov zoo npaum li cas cov ecosystems tshwj xeeb tau ua tib zoo khaws cia hauv peb lub tebchaws rau kev ua neej nyob thiab cov tiam tom ntej, qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem qhuas cov xwm txheej hauv nws daim ntawv qub, saib cov tsiaj qus hauv hav zoov, ua pa ntawm lub neej-muab paj thiab tshuaj ntsuab! Ib qho ntawm cov ces kaum yog Central Forest State Natural Biosphere Reserve. Nws muaj keeb kwm txawv txawv, yav dhau los nyuaj thiab tam sim no zoo heev. Cov kws tshawb fawb ua tiav lawv cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb, yog li ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj lwm cov ecosystems hauv Lavxias. Tab sis lub reserve yog qhib rau tag nrho cov xwm lovers. Cov menyuam yaus tshwj xeeb yog txais tos ntawm no. Txaus siab rau kev ua si sab nraum zoov, kev mus ncig ua si yog tuav rau lawv, thiab Baba Yaga, uas nyob hauv hav zoov hav zoov, npaj qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tiag tiag rau cov tub ntxhais hluas botanists thiab zologists.

Qhov chaw

Lub Xeev Hav Zoov Central Nature Reserve nyob rau thaj av ntawm thaj av Tver mus rau sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Tver. Qhov chaw nyob hauv cov lejtxheeb ze rau cov nroog loj nyob ze zoo li no:

• los ntawm Moscow hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim mus rau qhov khaws cia txog 285 km;
• ntawm Kaluga 274 km;
• ntawm Vitebsk 212 km;
• ntawm Smolensk 175 km;
• ntawm Tver 167 km;
• from Rzhev 75 km.

Lub pas dej legendary Seliger txaws 68 km ntawm thaj chaw tiv thaiv.

Thaj chaw, Central Forest State Reserve yog nyob rau ntawm Valdai Hills, ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv (Caspian-B altic) ntawm sab saud ntawm Volga thiab Western Dvina Rivers. Nyob ze ntawm thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam lossis ncaj qha rau ntawm nws thaj chaw, cov peev txheej ntawm Mezha, Tyudma, Tudovka, Zhukopa dej ntws tawm hauv av.

Prehistory of reserve

Cov chaw uas Central Forest Reserve ntawm thaj av Tver nyob tau zoo khaws cia kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 20th vim tias lawv cov av muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov av hav zoov hav zoov ua rau muaj kev nyuaj rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th lawv hu ua Okovsky los yog Volkonsky hav zoov. Tseem muaj roob moj sab qhua. Tsuas yog ob peb lub zos tau tuaj yeem nyob ntawm tus dej Tudovka thiab Zhukopa. Hauv hav zoov Okovsky muaj kev yos hav zoov dachas ntawm General Romeiko, suav Sheremetyev thiab ntau tus tswv av. Lawv txhua tus tuaj ntawm no mus yos hav zoov thiab tsis siv hav zoov ntxiv lawm, thiab Romeiko, ntxiv rau, qhia txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm nws thaj tsam ntawm hav zoov, txwv tsis pub yos hav zoov thiab txiav ntoo, txawm tias nyob rau hauv ib lub roob sib cais, qhov twg tsis muaj dej khov, Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau tshem thaj av los ntawm kev hlais lossis hlais thiab tua hluav taws, plowing lawv thiab tsim cov chaw nyob.

Xyoo 1905, ntshaikiv puag ncig, cov tswv qub pib muag lawv cov nyiaj faib, thiab cov tswv tshiab, rau qhov txiaj ntsig, ua qhov lawv xav tau ntawm lawv. Qhov xwm txheej tsis hloov txawm tias tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj 1017. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1920 uas tsoomfwv Soviet tau teeb tsa cov teeb meem ntawm kev khaws cia ntuj.

Foundation step

Lub Chaw Hav Zoov Central ntawm thaj av Tver, raws li cov ntaub ntawv, tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1931 nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm Xyoo Tshiab hnub so, thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 31st. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws qhov kev tsim tau pib xyoo 1925. Tom qab ntawd tus kws tshaj lij ntawm lub koom haum Pedagogical hauv Smolensk, Grigory Leonidovich Grave, tau coj kev mus ncig mus kawm cov peev txheej ntuj nyob ze Moscow thiab tau txiav txim siab tias nws yog thaj av ntawm thaj av Tver ntawm Volga thiab Northern Dvina uas tsim nyog tshaj plaws los ua. thaj chaw tiv thaiv. Cov tub lag luam ntoo ntawm cov chaw ntawd tawm tsam qhov no thiab nquag txiav cov ntoo uas muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws kom lub tebchaws poob tag nrho cov nqi. Xyoo 1930, Grave tau teeb tsa ib qho kev ntoj ke mus kawm tshiab thiab txiav txim siab ib thaj chaw tshiab rau qhov chaw cia. Los ntawm nws cov cim qub, tsuas yog 3,000 hectares tau suav nrog hauv nws. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev siv zog ntawm tus txiv neej no, qhov tshwj tseg tau tshwm sim, thiab Grave tau los ua tus thawj coj.

Kev nyuaj siab

Nyob rau xyoo 1930 thiab 1940, Central Forest Reserve nyob ze Tver ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig - lawv tau tsim cov tsev tswj hwm, chaw kuaj mob, vaj tsev rau cov neeg ua haujlwm, txoj kev. 61 tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm no, uas muaj 15 tus neeg saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb thiab 21 tus kws tshawb fawb. Ib tug tub ntxhais hluas ecologist Vladimir Stanchinsky tau siv zog ntau rau lub chaw cia, uas tau teeb tsa kev sib koom ua ke los ua haujlwm. Tab sis tus txiv neej no nyob rau hauv 1941hais lus phem, cem, muab pov rau hauv tsev lojcuj, nws tuag ib xyoos tom qab.

Kev nyiaj txiag ntawm tsoomfwv tau mus zoo, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab qhia txog cov kev pab cuam ib puag ncig, tab sis kev ua tsov rog hla txhua yam tawm. Ntau tus neeg sau npe lossis yeem tuaj yeem mus rau pem hauv ntej, cov neeg tseem tab tom sim khiav tawm ntawm qhov chaw cia, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm nyiag txhua yam lawv ua tau. Nyob rau hauv 1941, ib pab pawg neeg detachment ua nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub reserve. Cov Nazis thiab lawv cov tub ceev xwm, cov tub ceev xwm ntshai mus tob rau hauv hav zoov, tab sis lawv tau nyiag lub hauv paus vaj tse thiab tsev cia puav pheej, rhuav tshem ntau cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv sau, ua rau kev puas tsuaj rau 265,000 rubles, uas yog ib qho loj heev rau lub sijhawm Soviet.

Thaum lub hauv ntej txav mus rau sab hnub poob, Central Forest Reserve rov pib ua haujlwm. Nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tsuas muaj 13 tus neeg xwb. Me ntsis los ntawm me ntsis, tib neeg rov pib dua qhov lawv tau ploj, rov tsim cov chaw sim. Tab sis xyoo 1951, lub chaw sawv rov los tau raug kaw, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm raug rho tawm haujlwm. Tsuas yog tom qab 9 xyoo, thaum lub sij hawm uas ntau tau rov plundered thiab ploj, nws pib rov qab los. Nyob rau hauv 1985, qhov no cia tau suav nrog thoob ntiaj teb network ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm UNESCO. Tam sim no muaj ib lub chaw tshawb fawb, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas kev nyab xeeb, chav kuaj mob qog noj ntshav, lub chaw ruaj khov uas kawm txog lub neej ntawm cov bears xim av, lub zos rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tau rov qab los, cov tsev qhua thiab tsev so rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws tau tsim.

qauv

Lub Central Forest Reserve npog thaj tsam ntawm 70,500 hectares. Nws muab faib ua zones:

• preserved core;
• buffer;
• sustainability.

Nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais tiv thaiv (thaj tsam ntawm 24415 hectares), txhua yam kev ua txhaum cai ecological tshuav nyiaj li cas yog txwv tsis pub. Muaj ib thaj tsam ntawm kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb ntawm no, lub zos Zapovedny nyob.

Thaj chaw tsis yog thaj av ib puag ncig ntawm lub hauv paus, 1 km dav thiab muaj thaj tsam li ntawm 130 km2. Muaj cov chaw nyob tsis zoo, cov dej ntws hauv capercaillie, thaj chaw khaws cia, thaj chaw, thaj chaw thaj tsam ntawm nws.

Tseem muaj cov chaw dawb huv thiab capercaillie tokas nyob rau hauv thaj chaw siv rational. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov cheeb tsam uas tau tso cai khaws cov nceb, cranberries thiab lwm yam berries, mow quav nyab, thiab ntses nrog rods.

Natural features

Lub Xeev Hav Zoov Central Biosphere Reserve nyob ntawm toj roob hauv pes uas muaj cov dej khov. Saum toj no hiav txwv theem, nws cov cim yog 220-280 meters. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub reserve yog sawv cev los ntawm moraine ridges. Tseem muaj pas dej ua ke. Feem ntau, muaj ntau qhov dej ntawm no - rau txhua 1 km2 muaj txog 750 meters ntawm cov kwj dej thiab cov dej ntws. Cov dej hauv av tsuas yog 3 meters ntawm qhov chaw. Cov cheeb tsam loj (6323 hectares) yog nyob hauv swamps. Ntawm lawv yog Verkhovskiy Moss, Staroselskiy Moss, Demikhovsky Moss, thiab qhov loj tshaj plaws yog Katin Moss.

Cov qauv av ntawm qhov cia yog sawv cev dav heev. Muaj sod, podzolic, marsh, peat, humus, alluvial, gley xau thiab lawv ntau yam ua ke, piv txwv li,sod-podzolic, peat-podzolic-gleyic.

Kev nyab xeeb hauv thaj chaw cia yog av noo thiab txias, nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov qhov nruab nrab kub yog li +16 ° C, thaum lub caij ntuj no -10 ° C, muaj 45% hnub ci hauv ib xyoos.

Flora

Lub Central Forest Reserve muaj cov nroj tsuag tsis zoo, uas cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm huab cua thiab av. Cov nroj tsuag nyob sab Europe yeej nyob ntawm no, nrog rau tag nrho ntawm 546 hom, feem ntau loj hlob zoo hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo. Ntawm lawv yog herbaceous - 490 hom, shrubs thiab semi-shrubs - 34 hom, ntoo - 16 hom, cultivated - 6 hom. Birch, aspen, elm, tshauv, ntoo thuv, spruce (muaj thaj chaw tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig yav qab teb taiga spruce hav zoov), linden, ntoo qhib, alder loj hlob hauv thaj chaw cia.

Ntawm cov nroj tsuag herbaceous muaj ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Phau Ntawv Liab, piv txwv li, grapevine, resurrecting moonwort, poj niam khau khiab. Ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab thiab paj nyob rau hauv cia, koj tuaj yeem pom chamomile, mallow, Ivan da Marya, bluebell, fern, calla, veronica, lungwort, gravel, thiab blueberries, cranberries, cloudberries, thiab blackberries loj hlob nyob rau hauv swamps thiab nyob ze lawv.

fauna

Rau peb cov kwv tij me, Central Forest Reserve tau dhau los ua lub vaj kaj siab. Tsiaj txhu ntawm no yog sawv cev los ntawm 335 hom. Cov tsiaj txhu hauv thaj chaw cia yog loj (hma, hma, elks, lynxes, hma, mos lwj, boars qus, roe mos lwj) thiab me (nas, puav, beavers, minks, ferrets, badgers, moles, hedgehogs) - tag nrho ntawm 56 hom.. Tsis tas li ntawd, amphibians (qav, toads, newts), lizards, nab tau pom nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm cia. Hauv cov dej ntws thiab cov kwj deg uas ntws los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw cia, muaj 18 homntses. Tab sis qhov loj tshaj ntau yam ntawm no, ntawm chav kawm, yog cov noog. Tag nrho ntawm 250 hom tau sau tseg. Warblers, goldfinches, orioles, thrushes, flycatchers, finches, warblers, robins, thiab kinglets chirp nyob rau hauv cov ceg. Eagle owls thiab owls mus yos hav zoov thaum hmo ntuj, peregrine falcons, pom eagles, golden eagles, thiab red-footed falcons yos hav zoov thaum nruab hnub. Ducks, woodcocks, sandpipers, cranes, herons zes ze dej. Capercaillie, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv thaiv los ntawm poachers, yog qhov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov cia.

Khoom noj rau cov noog feem ntau yog kab, uas suav 600 hom nyob rau hauv cia. Tsis yog txhua tus ntawm lawv cov neeg sawv cev zoo siab saib thiab tsis muaj mob, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg sib cav txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm npauj npaim. Muaj 250 ntawm lawv nyob ntawm no. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog cov neeg nplua nuj, blueberry, niam-ntawm-pearl, lemongrass, thiab charcoal.

ncig teb chaws

Central Forest Biosphere Reserve zoo siab rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau cov neeg nyiam ntuj. Peb ntawm lawv luv luv, txog ib mais ntev, tab sis nthuav. Ntawm no, Baba Yaga tab tom tos cov neeg taug kev, tab sis tsis yog txhawm rau noj lawv, tab sis txhawm rau muab kev kuaj xyuas rau lawv paub txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov chaw no. Txoj kev taug yog:

1. "Secrets of the Okovsky Forest". Ib tsob ntoo muaj hnub nyoog 300 xyoo 46 meters siab hlob tuaj ntawm no, kev soj ntsuam platforms tau teeb tsa, thiab tag nrho txoj hauv kev yog paving nrog cov laug cam.
2. "Hloov tsiaj ntawv". Ntawm txoj kev no nws yog qhov nthuav kom kawm txog cov kab ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv hav zoov, cov qauv uas tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj.
3. "Qub zos moss". Txoj kev no khiav dhau ntawm cov swamp, tab sis txoj kev tseem pav nrog cov laug cam. Ntawm nws koj tuaj yeem qhuas tsis tsuas yog noog(lapwings, waders, wagtails, cranes) tab sis kuj moose, txawm dais, uas qee zaum tuaj rau hauv dej ntws mus noj mov ntawm berries.

Rau cov neeg laus, lub ciam teb tau tsim txoj hauv kev nrog qhov ntev txog 25 km. Lawv coj mus tob rau hauv hav zoov thiab raug coj mus nrog ib tug escort. Cov no yog Krasny Stan, Badger thiab Siberia. Muaj cov tsev pheeb suab hauv txoj kev uas koj tuaj yeem so, noj hmo thiab txawm siv hmo ntuj.

qhib sijhawm thiab nqi

Lub Central Forest Reserve hauv cheeb tsam Tver yog qhib rau cov qhua txhua lub lim tiam (tshwj tsis yog hnub Saturday thiab hnub Sunday) thaum 10-00 teev sawv ntxov txog 12-00 teev tsaus ntuj, tom qab ntawd noj su, thiab rov ua haujlwm ntxiv txij li 13-00 teev tsaus ntuj rau 4pm00 ua. Tus nqi nkag yog:

• hnub nyoog txog 10 xyoo - 50 rubles;
• qis dua 16 - 75 rubles;
• neeg laus - 150 rubles.

Kev tawm ntawm txoj kev 25 km ntev raug nqi 1000 rubles rau 1 hnub.

Kev mus saib hauv tsev cia puav pheej nqi ntawm 250 txog 400 rubles (nyob ntawm seb qhov loj ntawm pawg).

Koj tuaj yeem siv sijhawm hmo ntuj hauv qhov tshwj tseg rau 300 rubles ib hnub (ntawm tsev so thiab hauv tsev so) thiab rau 600 rubles hauv tsev qhua.

Hloov mus rau lub nroog Nelidovo (42 km ntawm lub zos Zapovedny) ib txoj kev raug nqi los ntawm 600 txog 3000 rubles, nyob ntawm seb chav tsev thauj khoom.