Koj puas tau hnov txog Lapland zoo heev? Tau kawg! Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua tus paub txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm Lapland Reserve. Nws nto moo rau dab tsi? Nws npaj li cas? Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav sim teb cov lus nug no thiab ntau lwm cov lus nug ntsig txog qhov chaw amazing no.
Ua ntej, cia peb tshawb pom qhov chaw nyob ntawm Lapland Reserve. Nws nyob rau sab qaum teb, hauv cheeb tsam Murmansk. Nws twb yuav luag 100 xyoo, thiab ntxiv rau qhov chaw nyob ntawm Santa Claus tiag tiag, muaj ntau yam nthuav ntawm no rau ob qho tib si neeg ncig tebchaws thiab cov kws tshawb fawb. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub ciam teb yog tawm tsam nyob rau hauv nws loj - nws tshaj 278,435 hectares, 8574 ntawm uas yog pas dej thiab dej. Vim nws qhov loj me, Laplandsky xwm cia yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe.
History
Thaj chaw tiv thaiv no tau tsim los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Leningrad Pawg Thawj Coj hauv Lub Ib Hlis 1930. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, thaj chaw ntawm Kola Peninsula tau koom nrog pawg thawj coj ntawm Leningrad Thaj Chaw. Rau 20 xyoo, lub cia yog ib tug reindeer herding av, tab sis raug kawrau lub sijhawm tsis kawg hauv xyoo 1951. Hmoov zoo, qhov xwm txheej no tau daws tau sai, tsib xyoos tom qab ntawd Laplandsky cia tau rov qhib, sau npe, thiab tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xeev.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ciam teb ntawm "Lapland" hloov pauv ib ntus, thiab feem ntau ntawm kev txo qis. Qhov no yog vim kev loj hlob ntawm cov zaub mov nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Monchetundra. Txawm li cas los xij, xyoo 1983 ib thaj chaw zoo nkauj tau ntxiv rau qhov chaw cia nyob rau sab hnub poob (129,577 ha). Nws sib npaug rau yuav luag 100% ntawm thaj chaw qub. Lub xeev tau faib cov av no rau Laplandia raws li kev them nyiaj rau thaj av nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm thaj chaw cia, ua rau tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm emissions los ntawm cov nroj tsuag Severonickel.
Nyob rau nruab nrab Lub Ob Hlis 1985, Lapland State Biosphere Reserve raug coj los ntawm kev tiv thaiv UNESCO raws li biosphere cia. Kaum xyoo tom qab (1995) Fairytale Lapland project tau pib. Txij thaum ntawd los, qhov cia tau pib sawv cev tsis yog tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb thiab ecological xwb, tab sis kuj muaj txiaj ntsig kev coj noj coj ua.
Lapland State Nature Biosphere Reserve - Landscape
Lub sijhawm Valdai glaciation, Kola Peninsula npog tib daim ntawv dej khov uas npog Greenland niaj hnub no. Nws ploj mus 10,000 xyoo dhau los, tawm hauv cov pob zeb muaj zog ntawm moraine thiab cov pob zeb muaj zog tawm ntawm cov dej khov, uas hu ua "ram lub hauv pliaj", nyob rau hauv cov lowlands. Tom qab glaciation, xyaum tsis muaj sedimentary pob zeb. Lawv raug hloovnthuav tawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm Archean hnub nyoog, feem ntau gneisses.
Tom qab cov dej khov yaj yaj, thaj chaw loj ntawm Kola Peninsula tau khoob rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Thaum xub thawj, cua thiab noog coj lichen thiab moss spores, nyom noob ntawm no. Cov nroj tsuag tau pab ua kom qeeb kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub pob zeb zoo li Kola Peninsula thiab tsim ib txheej ntawm cov av. Zoo nkauj sai sai no, lub badlands tau populated los ntawm invertebrates, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv toj roob hauv pes.
Tom qab ntawd hav zoov thiab tundra pib tsim, nws thiaj li ua rau cov duab tam sim no.
dej thiab kwj deg
Lapland Reserve (Monchegorsk) yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau hom tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Eurasia. Vim tias yav dhau los glaciation, thaj av no, raws li, qhov tseeb, rau tag nrho ntawm Scandinavia, yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov tsis muaj tag nrho.
Ecosystems ntawm Lapland tau tsim tsis ntev los no, yog li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntau hom tsiaj tshiab thiab cov nroj tsuag sab nraud tseem tab tom ua. Hom kev sib txawv ntawm fauna thiab flora hloov pauv tas li, nws kuj me me.
Lub Lapland Reserve muaj cov dej ntws siab thiab cov kwj dej nrawm. Hauv qee qhov chaw lawv nyob ntsiag to, muaj cov tsev txhab nyiaj ntxhab. Hauv lwm thaj chaw, lawv nrawm nrawm, hauv dej siab nrog cov tawg dawb.
Muaj ntau lub pas dej me me thiab loj nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw cia, nrog pob zeb, thiab qee zaum muaj cov xuab zeb lossis cov ntug dej hiav txwv. Moss hav zoov stretch raws cov hav dej. Qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov roob yog them nrog shady ntsuab moss spruce hav zoov. Dav dav nrog ntws ntws,uas yog ciam teb los ntawm ib tug nqaim ribbon ntawm ilv birches, alternate nrog loj loj scatterings ntawm pob zeb, uas yog them nrog kaj me ntsis ntawm ntau xim lichen.
Lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws yog Imandra, nrog thaj tsam ntawm 880 km2. Nws muaj ntau tshaj 150 Islands tuaj. Cov dej loj tshaj plaws yog Strelna, Varzuga, Umba.
Tundra
Lapland Reserve (cheeb tsam Murmansk) yog qhov txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas txiav txim siab los ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob - 120 km sab qaum teb ntawm Arctic Circle - thiab roob toj roob hauv pes. Tom qab cov dej khov yaj, cov av saum npoo tau colonized los ntawm lichens thiab mosses. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob hnyav ntawm lub roob tundra, roob reindeer moss yog ntau - ib tug nyiam delicacy ntawm reindeer. Hauv qee thaj chaw, lawv tau hloov los ntawm cov ntaub pua plag ntawm cov nroj tsuag, crowberries, blueberries, lingonberries, thiab bearberries. Shrubs ntawm rhododendron thiab partridge nyom (dryad) yog nyob ib sab rau lawv.
Nyob hauv qee qhov chaw muaj rosette lossis cushion daim ntawv ntawm saxifrage, low linnaeus, fescue, dwarf birch. Thaum lub sij hawm paj, cov chaw no zoo nkauj heev.
Polar taiga
Ib qho ntawm cov cuab tam tseem ceeb ntawm Lapland Reserve yog thaj chaw hav zoov uas tau loj hlob ntawm cov av no tau 3 txog 10 txhiab xyoo. Qhov nruab nrab hnub nyoog ntawm cov ntoo loj hlob ntawm no yog 300 xyoo. Qee qhov qauv ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 15 meters. Kev loj hlob nquag ntawm lub ncov qaumteb qabteb taiga yog txuam nrog kev nyab xeeb me ntsis thiab qhov tsis muaj tag nrho ntawm permafrost hauv subsoil.
Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, cov av muaj kev ntseeg siab tiv thaiv los ntawm cov daus npog, thiab yog li ntawd tsis khov ntau dhau. Ntoo loj hlobmaj mam, tab sis ncav cuag qhov loj me me, tsis zoo ib yam li hav zoov-tundra ntawm Siberia.
Pine hauv zos muaj koob luv luv uas tsis yog peb xyoos, tab sis txog xya xyoo. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov tsiaj no tau raug lees paub tias yog ib daim ntawv cais - Friza pine.
Cov spruce ib txwm rau peb tau hloov pauv hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb los ntawm Siberian spruce nrog cov cones me me yam ntxwv ntawm hom no.
Subarctic thiab warty birches loj hlob ob qho tib si hauv hav zoov spruce thiab hauv hav zoov. Cov sparse undergrowth muaj roob tshauv, Siberian juniper, tshis willow thiab lwm hom willows.
Nyob hauv av txheej txheej ntawm cov ciam teb, evergreen shrubs yog dav - crowberry, lingonberry, linnaea, blueberry, ntau hom wintergreen. Muaj ntau cov nroj tsuag ntsuab ntsuab ntawm no - plaub hau sorrel, meadow nyom.
Txoj kev moss tau nthuav tawm ntau. Hauv hav zoov ntoo thuv, mosses, raws li txoj cai, tau ua ke nrog cladonia lichens (alpine, mos lwj thiab mos). Cov ciam teb sab saud ntawm hav zoov yog cim ntawm qhov siab ntawm 380 m.
Tsiaj ntawm Lapland Reserve
Qhov chaw zoo nkauj no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua pristine. Tau ntau pua xyoo, Saami tau ua tiav hauv kev yug tsiaj reindeer thiab, raws li, tshem tawm cov tsiaj nyeg.
Nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tsawg heev reindeer thiab loj predators tseem nyob rau hauv Lapland.
Reindeer
Nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Kola Peninsula, tsuas muaj txog ib puas taub hau ntawm mos lwj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Yuav tsum tau ntsuas ceev los tiv thaiv cov tsiaj no, yog li xyoo 1930 nws yogLaplandsky qhov chaw khaws cia tau tsim. Tsis ntev, kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb tau muab thawj qhov txiaj ntsig zoo.
Hnub no, ntau dua ib txhiab tus tib neeg nyob tas li nyob hauv qhov chaw cia. Mov nyiam dawb moss hav zoov thiab roob-tundra toj roob hauv pes. Lapland State Reserve yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lawv cov zaub mov nyiam - reindeer moss. Ua tsaug rau ntau xyoo ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov mos lwj qus tau nyob thoob plaws hauv ceg av qab teb, feem ntau ntawm nws cov roob thiab hav zoov sab hnub poob.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, beavers thiab elks rov qab mus rau Lapland Biosphere Reserve tom qab tsis ntev. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias moose tuaj rau cov chaw no los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm lawv tus kheej, thiab beavers tau tshwj xeeb coj los ntawm cov ciam teb ntawm lub nroog Voronezh. Txawm tias ob hom muaj tsawg.
Predators
Lub Lapland Natural Biosphere Reserve kuj muaj cov tsiaj txhu loj ntawm nws thaj chaw. Feem ntau yog tus dais xim av. Wolverines, hma thiab lynxes tsis muaj ntau ntawm no. Kuj tseem muaj hma liab, tab sis lawv cov lej muaj tsawg heev. Weasel, Pine Marten, ermine yog qhov ntau heev. Snowy winters zoo heev rau voles thiab lemmings.
Birds
Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais qhia meej txog txhua tus noog uas nyob hauv Laplandsky Reserve hauv ib tsab xov xwm luv luv. Yog li no, hnub no peb yuav txwv peb tus kheej kom tsuas yog cov tsiaj uas muaj kev txuag tseem ceeb hauv qhov chaw khaws cia.
20 hom kab dej tau sau tseg thaum ua zes thiab tsiv teb tsaws. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg ib tug me me goose - dawb-fronted goose. KawgCov tsiaj no tau ploj mus sai sai los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm nws thaj tsam. Tsis zoo li lwm cov geese sab qaum teb, Lesser White-fronted Goose zes nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm roob hav dej thiab kwj deg.
thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cia yog nyob ntawm grouse - hazel grouse, capercaillie, dub grouse, tundra thiab ptarmigan. Cov tsiaj kawg nyob hauv roob tundra, tus so nyob hauv hav zoov.
Nyob zoo li no thiab tsis tshua muaj noog li osprey, golden eagle, gyrfalcon, white-tailed eagle, feel very nice in the reserve.
Owls
Kuv xav qhia koj ntxiv txog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov noog no. Nws nyuaj rau nrhiav tau lwm qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb xws li Lapland State Biosphere Reserve, qhov twg yim hom owls yuav nyob hauv thaj chaw loj heev tab sis txwv.
hom kab ntau tshaj yog tus me hawk owl. Nws yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm cov haiv neeg ntawm sab qaum teb forests. Nws cov xim plumage sib haum xeeb nrog keeb kwm tsim los ntawm sab qaum teb birch hav zoov.
Nws "tus muam" - Great Grey Owl - yog tus noog loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov hav zoov hav zoov, tab sis nws tsis tshua muaj. Nws nyiam nyob hauv hav zoov interspersed nrog qhib qhov chaw, xws li sphagnum bogs.
Tus Rough-legged thiab Passerine Owl yog tus noog me tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia. Nws xaiv cov ntoo tuab tuab thiab spruce-birch hav zoov los nyob hauv.
Ntshai-eared owls, Ural Owl thiab Eagle Owl yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb fauna. Tsis muaj ntau, tab sis zoo heev rau Lapland Reserve, dawb lossis snowy owls.
Vim qhov tseeb tias hmo ntuj kaj hauv Arctic, owls raug yuam ya mus rauhmo ntuj yos hav zoov. Lub caij ntawm hmo dawb yog ntev - ib puas hnub (los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub Tsib Hlis mus rau lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub yim hli ntuj). Thaum lub sij hawm no, owls yuav tsum tau tsa thiab pub cov me nyuam qaib. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj rau pom ib tug plas ya nyob rau nruab hnub nyob rau hauv lub reserve.
Koj tuaj yeem pom cov plas luv-eared hauv thaj chaw tiv thaiv. Nws maj mam ya nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw qhib, nrhiav cov tsiaj nyeg. Zoo li cov plas feem ntau, nws qhov hnov lus yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, txawm tias nws qhov muag tsis muaj zog.
Nyob hauv tshav ntuj, pom hawk owl tuaj yeem pom hauv hav zoov. Ob hom owls coj txawv txawv, koj tuaj yeem ntsib lawv tsuas yog los ntawm lub sijhawm. Lawv npaj lawv "pantries" nyob rau hauv lub hollows ntawm ntoo. Ntawm no lawv nqa carcasses ntawm nas zoo li nas, qee zaum cov noog me, rau khaws cia.
Yuav nyuaj dua kom ntsib tus dav dav dav thiab tus plas. Lawv yug los yos hav zoov. Ntxiv rau cov nas me me, uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lawv cov khoom noj, lawv tsis nyiam noj mov rau ntau yam noog thiab tsiaj txhu. Tus plas tis qaib ntes tau hazel grouse thiab squirrels, yuav tsis plam lub caij nyoog thiab yuav kov yeej lub ermine.
Ib tus dav dav dav dav dav hauv Lapland Reserve feem ntau tua cov grouse dub, hares thiab capercaillie. Cov ntaub ntawv tau raug kaw thaum nws ua tiav yos hav zoov marten. Muaj tseeb tiag, yog nws nco, nws tus kheej tuaj yeem dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom.
Owls, ua tsaug rau lawv qhov chaw mloog, muaj peev xwm ntes tau nas nyob rau hauv ib txheej tuab ntawm cov daus, yog li yuav luag txhua hom tshwj tsis yog Short-eared Owl yog sedentary.
kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm Lapland Reserve yog tswj hwm thiab nce cov pejxeemqus reindeer thoob plaws Kola Peninsula. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej num ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm suav nrog kev saib xyuas tas li thiab kawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev lag luam kev lag luam nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw cia ntawm ib puag ncig thiab ecology. Ntau hom tsiaj thiab tsiaj txhu nyiam tsis yog cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv zos xwb, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm txawv teb chaws tuaj xyuas no.
Txoj kev kawm txog kev nyob thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm mos lwj qus pib xyoo 1929, ua ntej qhib qhov chaw cia. Thawj suav ntawm cov tsiaj no tau ua los ntawm M. Krepe ntawm roob caij ntuj no.
Tours
Lapland Nature Reserve yog qhov chaw zoo nkauj. Ntxiv nrog rau cov toj roob hauv pes zoo nkauj, hav zoov ntau pua xyoo thiab cov tsiaj qus, ntawm no koj tuaj yeem paub txog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Sami, thiab thaum lub caij ntuj no mus saib Leej Txiv Frost lub pej thuam.
Kev mus ntsib rau lub chaw cia tsuas yog ua tau los ntawm kev npaj ua ntej nrog kev tswj hwm. Txhawm rau npaj ib qho kev mus ncig, koj yuav tsum siv cov ntaub ntawv tiv tauj uas tau teev tseg hauv lub vev xaib ntawm qhov chaw cia.
