Folk crafts ntawm Dagestan: npe nrog cov duab, keeb kwm ntawm tsos thiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:06

Cov khoom siv tes ua pej xeem ntawm Dagestan yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb. Ua tsaug rau ntau yam khoom siv raw, cov yam ntxwv ntuj tsim thiab cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb kos duab, ib tus tuaj yeem soj ntsuam ntau cov lus qhia hauv kev txhim kho cov khoom siv tes ua. Cov no suav nrog: ntaub pua plag weaving, pottery, artistic wood processing, Untsukul thais nrog hlau, hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Lawv yuav tau tham hauv kab lus.

keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm crafts

Dagestan pej xeem cov khoom siv tes ua tau txheeb xyuas nrog lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai thiab cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Dagestan hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog (hauv XII-XV centuries), muab lawv txoj haujlwm. Pob zeb carving, khaws cia rau hauv qhov ntxa ntawm auls thiab Kubachi nyem, tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no.

Ntoo carvings decorate xws mosques ntawm Dagestan li Kala-Koreishskaya thiab Shirinskaya. Itsarinsky ntauwd thiab Cala-Koreysh mosque kuj tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub cim architecture thiab castings.

Cov khoom siv tes ua uas cov poj niam koom nrog sawv cev: cov ntaub qhwv, ua cov ntaub pua plag, knitting thiab weaving, uas tau siv zog tsim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th.

Cov neeg tsim khoom siv kos duab tshaj plaws ntawm Dagestan nyob rau hauv roob roob ntawm Dakhadaevsky koog tsev kawm ntawv. Woolen daim ntaub tau woven nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub zos ntawm lub roob roob, thiab cov inhabitants ntawm lub zos ntawm Kubachi, Kharbuk thiab Amuzgi tau koom nyob rau hauv kev tsim riam thiab phom.

theem kev txhim kho ntawm pej xeem crafts

Nrog rau cov khoom siv saum toj no, cov khoom siv tes ua tshiab tau tshwm sim: ua cov horns thiab ua hlau rauv. Cov poj niam weaved pachu - paj rwb ntaub. Nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Kishcha, craftsmen ua suab paj nruag stringed plucked instruments - chugurs. Lub npe no los ntawm Turkic lo lus "chagyr" (hauv kev txhais lus - "hu"). Cov cuab yeej tsim los thov Vajtswv, mus rau qhov tseeb.

Kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm pej xeem crafts nyob rau hauv Dagestan tau yooj yim los ntawm kev muaj kev lag luam uas dhau los ntawm cheeb tsam roob. Cov neeg hauv zos tau muab cov khoom los ntawm cov cheeb tsam roob. Cov khoom raug muag tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam roob, tab sis kuj nyob deb dhau nws ciam teb, nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Caucasus thiab Russia. Thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd lawv coj cov khoom xav tau hauv cov zos.

Crafts ntawm lub zos Kubachi

Kubachi lub zos tau paub ntev txog nws txoj kev lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua. Nws cov craftsmen tau nto moo rau kev tiv thaiv armor thiab saw mail. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th,muaj zog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsim riam phom - sabers, riam, phom thiab rab yaj phom. Cov Amuzga thiab Kharbuk blacksmiths ua cov khoom no thiab xa mus rau Kubachi craftsmen rau kev ua thiab kos duab kho kom zoo nkauj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws ua hlau tau hloov mus ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev los ntawm tooj dag, tooj liab thiab nyiaj thiab tseem muab lawv cov khoom rau cov neeg Kubachi. Ntawm no yog ib lub chaw loj tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov tooj liab chased jars rau nqa dej thiab ntxuav, tais, phiab thiab ntau yam tais diav nrog engraved ornaments.

Tom qab ntawd lawv pib kho cov khoom xws li checkers, phom, rab yaj phom thiab cov poj niam cov khoom dai: kos hauv siab kho kom zoo nkauj, siv loj heev.

Tam sim no, tus tswv jewelers ua haujlwm zoo nrog kub thiab pob zeb muaj nuj nqis.

Cov poj niam ntawm lub zos no tau koom nrog paj ntaub nrog cov xov kub thiab lo lo ntxhuav, xaws thiab knitting. Tsev neeg ua hauj lwm kab lig kev cai nyob rau hauv nws tseem tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam.

"Tau ntau pua xyoo, nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis zoo tshaj plaws tau ua haujlwm hauv Dagestan: cov neeg ua haujlwm kub ntawm lub zos Kubachi, cov nyiaj ua haujlwm ntawm Gotsatl. paj huam." Rasul Gamzatov NWS

ntaub pua plag

Cov ntaub pua plag tau ntev tau suav tias yog cov khoom siv ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws thiab nto moo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Dagestan. Lub chaw loj ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob yog lub nroog Derbent thiabcov zos nyob rau hauv roob Magaramkent, Mezhgyul, Lyakhlya, Arkit, Orta-Stal, Rutul, Chilikar. Thiab qhov no tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov chaw teev cov ntaub pua plag, lev thiab ntaub pua plag. Lawv muaj lawv tus kheej cov qauv thiab xim. Txhua haiv neeg muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom, muaj pes tsawg leeg peculiar ciam teb thiab medallions. Cov lus zais ntawm kev ua cov ntaub pua plag hauv txhua tsev neeg tau txais los ntawm niam mus rau tus ntxhais. Cov ntaub pua plag ua los ntawm tes yog suav tias yog tus nqi loj tshaj plaws hauv tsev neeg Dagestan.

Paj ntaub

Cov khoom siv tes ua pej xeem ntawm Republic of Dagestan suav nrog cov paj ntaub kub, uas tau mus txog kev loj hlob tseem ceeb. Cov poj niam embroider nrog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyiaj, kub thiab txhob lo lo ntxhuav xov ntawm tawv thiab khau. Hauv ncoo, bedspreads, curtains yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paj ntaub. Cov hlua khi thiab hlua yog woven los ntawm cov xov kim heev. Artistically tsim los ntawm Dagestan cov poj niam, woolen patterned thom khwm yog txawv los ntawm lawv kev nthuav qhia thiab yog nyob rau hauv kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi. Burkas yog sewn nyob rau hauv lub zos Dagestan ntawm Andi, Botlikh, Rakhata, Ans alta. Cov khaub ncaws hnav no, embroidered nrog cov qauv qub, pom nws cov neeg siv khoom hauv Dagestan thiab dhau ntawm nws ciam teb, hauv cov nroog thiab cov nroog ntawm Transcaucasus thiab North Caucasus.

Artels thiab art factories

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, raws li cov pej xeem crafts ntawm Dagestan, artels tau tsim, uas, ze rau lub 60s, tau hloov mus rau hauv cov kos duab factories. Kev tsim khoom loj ntawm cov khoom siv nyiaj niaj hnub, cov khoom siv nrog cov hlau tsis zoo, cov khoom siv ntoo,ceramics thiab ntau yam ntaub pua plag. Cov khoom ntawm Dagestan masters, koom nrog hauv kev nthuav qhia hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, tau txais khoom plig siab. Los ntawm txoj kev, kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv ib txwm lub teb chaws lub sij hawm - lub qhov ncauj (tus tswv) tau revived nyob rau hauv Dagestan. Ua qhov ncauj - ua zoo!

Tsim thiab kho cov riam phom muaj ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo keeb kwm. Bladed riam phom raug suav hais tias yog kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tswv. Hauv Dagestan, lub npe nrov tshaj plaws yog Kizlyar enterprise, uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntau yam qauv. Kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau tshaj li ib puas lub hauv paus ntawm riam phom edged thiab tsawg kawg yog ib puas ntawm nws cov kev hloov pauv tau koom nrog hauv kev khiav ntawm lub tuam txhab.

khoom siv hluav taws xob

Ceramic cov khoom yog ib hom khoom siv tes ua neeg nyiam. Lub zos ntawm Sulevkent tau nto moo rau nws cov lauj kaub tais diav, tab sis lub zos Balkhar suav hais tias yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm pej xeem cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm Dagestan hauv cheeb tsam no. Cov tswv ntawm lub zos no khaws cia thiab nce cov kev cai ntawm cov tais diav. Cov khoom ntawm masters muaj nuj nqis heev tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Dagestan, tab sis thoob plaws hauv lub Caucasus. Lawv cov khoom lag luam yog lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm thaj av, qhov kev txaus siab rau Dagestan thiab ib feem ntawm lub koom pheej cov duab.

Balkhar cov khoom lag luam tsis tu ncua hauv ntau qhov kev nthuav qhia, thiab lub zos Balkhar nws tus kheej tau maj mam dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. Cov neeg tuaj saib yuav Balkhar ceramics los ntawm cov kws txawj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov jugs. Lawv yog cov phooj ywg ib puag ncig, thiab cov dej hauv lawv tseem txias rau lub sijhawm ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, craftsmen ua funny av nplaum khoom ua si - nees luav harnessed rau ib lub laub, cov duab ntawm cov neeg.

khoom qhia

Nyob rau hauv lub peev ntawm Dagestan - Makhachkala, muaj ib qho kev nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, uas nthuav tawm tej hauj lwm ntawm artisans thiab craftsmen los ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws. Lawv tej hauj lwm yog cov khoom ua los ntawm cov nyiaj, ceramics, Tabasaran xuas tes ua ntaub pua plag, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, riam ntawm lub Hoobkas Kizlyar. Kev kos duab qhia cov neeg nyob hauv nroog paub txog kev nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg ntawm Dagestan kab lis kev cai. Yog xav tau, cov neeg tuaj saib rau lub rooj nthuav qhia tau muab sijhawm los thaij duab hauv cov khaub ncaws haiv neeg.

Cov khoom pov thawj tau hloov kho tas li. Cov neeg tuaj saib muaj lub sijhawm tsis tau tsuas yog paub txog cov haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab nthuav tawm ntawm lub rooj nthuav qhia, tab sis kuj tseem yuav yuav lawv cov ntawv luam ntawm Dagestan pej xeem cov kws ua yeeb yam. Ministry of Tourism thiab Folk Arts thiab Crafts ntawm koom pheej ntawm Dagestan teeb tsa kev nthuav qhia.

chav kawm Master rau menyuam yaus

Feem ntau, ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia, cov neeg tsim khoom ib txwm muab sijhawm rau cov neeg uas xav paub ncaj qha nrog kev tsim cov khoom lag luam, nkag mus rau hauv haiv neeg haiv neeg lub neej, thiab koom nrog pej xeem cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Dagestan. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm master rau cov menyuam yaus, cov kws tshaj lij qhia lawv txog cov hauv paus ntawm cov tais diav, ntaub pua plag, cov paj ntaub tsim, thiab ornamental notching.

Cov neeg laus kuj nyiam kawm ntawm cov chav kawm master. Ntau tus neeg xav txog cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub pua plag. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub exhibition, craftsmen tsis tsuas yog nthuav lawv cov khoom, tab sis kuj qhia ua hauj lwm ntawm lawvmanufacturing.

Craft Economy

Tam sim no, muaj 20 lub lag luam ua haujlwm hauv Dagestan uas tsim cov khoom siv tes ua pej xeem. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tshaj 500 tus neeg ua lag luam tau koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom hauv cov kev taw qhia no. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau tshaj 2,500 tus neeg nyob rau hauv toj siab yog koom nyob rau hauv ntau lawm.

Cov lus nug tshwm sim: dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv khw rau pej xeem crafts ntawm Dagestan yav tom ntej? Xws li kev kos duab muaj peev xwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kev ua haujlwm thiab tsim txoj haujlwm. Rau qhov no, tsis tas yuav tsim kev cob qhia ntau lawm. Piv txwv li, feem ntau ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tsim (kwv yees li 90%) yog muab los ntawm tus tswv jewelers.

Maj mam, raws li txoj kev npaj ua lag luam ntiag tug, cov tuam txhab koom ua lag luam tau raug xa mus rau qhib cov tuam txhab sib koom ua lag luam, tab sis tsis muaj cai hloov hom kev ua. Dagestan muaj kev ntseeg siab ua tus thawj coj ntawm cov khoom tsim tawm, ua ntej ntawm thaj chaw xws li Moscow thiab Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam, uas muaj cov khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv kev ua yeeb yam pej xeem thiab khoom siv tes ua. Cov khoom ntim loj yog tsim los ntawm Kizlyar LLC - qhov no yog lub npe thoob ntiaj teb paub txog riam. Lawv qhov chaw tsim khoom yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg siv khoom nto moo tshaj plaws hauv Dagestan, xws li cov ntaub pua plag xuas tes ua.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg

Tam sim no, muaj kev sib tw ntau hauv kev lag luam khoom siv tes ua. Cov khoom los ntawm Is Nrias teb, Iran, Qaib Cov Txwv, Tuam Tshoj maj mam sau cov khoom lag luam Dagestan. Yog ua ntejCov ntaub pua plag tshuab tau raug xa tawm los ntawm cov teb chaws no, tam sim no lub khw rhawv tau muab pov tseg nrog cov khoom xuas tes ua uas sib tw nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Dagestan craftswomen.

Kev ua lag luam rau cov khoom siv tes ua yuav tsum yog lub xov tooj ntawm tes thiab ua raws li txoj cai tswj hwm tus nqi. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm lub xeev cov nyiaj pab tau muab rau unprofitable pej xeem crafts, lub xeev tau koom nyob rau hauv kev muag khoom ntawm cov khoom, tam sim no koj yuav tsum tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug txawj craftsman, tab sis kuj, rau qee yam, tus thawj coj. Kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo dictates lawv cov nqe lus ntawm kev lag luam. Koj yuav tsum muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau cov lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig, txheeb xyuas cov neeg siv khoom xav tau, txhim kho koj cov khoom zoo kom lawv nyob twj ywm sib tw.