Nyob hauv tsab xov xwm peb yuav tau paub txog cov neeg xav paub lus Askiv zoo tshaj plaws uas tau tsim thiab tsim kev xav raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog mus rau niaj hnub no. Lawv txoj haujlwm tau muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev coj ntawm cov tswv yim thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe.
Cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv Alcuin, John Scot Eriugena. Thaum Ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog
Lus Askiv lub tswv yim raws li ib ceg ntawm kev paub tau pib hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev xav lus Askiv yog thawj zaug tsim los ntawm British-yug Alcuin thiab John Scotus Eriugena.
Monk Alcuin - tus kws tshaj lij, kws tshawb fawb thiab kws sau paj huam - tau txais kev kawm zoo hauv York Tsev Kawm Ntawv, uas nws tom qab ntawd coj mus. Tom qab ntsib nrog Charlemagne hauv Rome hauv 781, nws raug coj los ze rau ntawm lub tsev hais plaub thiab tsim lub Palace Academy, uas tau los ua lub xeev qhov chaw ntawm kev kawm. Alcuin tau tsim cov ntawv sau zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, coj lub neej muaj kev sib raug zoo, yog tus kws tshaj lij kev nom kev tswv, koom nrog kev sib tham txog kev ntseeg, thiab tsim lub tsev kawm lus Askiv philosophical. Ntawm nws ntau yam haujlwm, qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog "Kev Ntseeg hauv Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv thiab Tsis Muaj Kev Sib Koom Tes", "OnKev tsim txiaj thiab kev ua phem", "Nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus ntsuj plig", "Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb Philosophy".
Irish John Scott Eriugena - tus neeg zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Carolingian Renaissance, nyob thiab ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Charles the Bald, coj lub tsev kawm ntawv lub tsev. Nws cov ntawv sau tsuas yog hais txog kev ntseeg thiab kev xav ntawm Neoplatonic kev taw qhia. Eriugena, ntawm kev caw ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Reims Metropolis, tau koom nrog kev sib tham txog kev ntseeg, vim nws tau luam tawm cov lus qhuab qhia "Rau Divine Predestination", uas tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau tag nrho Western European scholasticism, yog txoj haujlwm "Ntawm Txoj Haujlwm ntawm Xwm"
Anselm ntawm Canterbury
Kev ntseeg kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv av lus Askiv tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Anselm ntawm Canterbury, lub taub hau ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm lub Koom Txoos Askiv nyob rau xyoo pua 11th, ib tug Catholic theologian, tus xav thiab tus tsim ntawm scholasticism. Nws nyiam lub hwj chim loj hauv tsev hais plaub thiab hauv kev ntseeg. Raws li kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cov teeb meem ntawm txoj cai lij choj, nws tau txais kev hwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov txiv plig Catholic, Pope Urban II tau sib tham nrog nws ntawm qhov sib npaug.
Tus Archbishop ntawm Canterbury tau luam tawm ntau cov lus qhuab qhia uas coj cov kws tshawb fawb muaj koob meej hauv Tebchaws Europe. Historians hu lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav Proslogion, Monologion, Cur Deus homo. Anselm yog thawj zaug ua kom cov ntseeg Vajtswv cov lus qhuab qhia thiab siv ontology los ua pov thawj tias Vajtswv muaj nyob.
Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab: John Duns Scotus
Kev pab cuam tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho lus Askiv philosophicalCov kev xav tau qhia los ntawm John Duns Scotus, yog ib tus neeg xav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Nws lub neej yog txuam nrog ntau legends. Ib tug ntawm cov lus dab neeg hais tias Duns Scotus, ib txwm ruam-witted, tau txais kev tshwm sim los ntawm saum toj no, tom qab uas nws tau txais kev nplua nuj ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab lub hlwb. Thaum neeg laus, nws qhia tau tias muaj kev txawj ntse thiab kev xav tob. Nws thawj cov hauj lwm "Treatise on the Origin", "Natural Knowledge", as well as the compilation "Oxford Essay", luam tawm los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tom qab kev tuag ntawm Duns Scotus, cim txoj kev hloov mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm Renaissance.
13th-14th centuries: poob ntawm scholasticism
Nyob hauv tsev kawm Oxford nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm nominalism tau tsim, uas txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev paub txog kev paub thiab kev tawm tsam kev xav. Cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv Roger Bacon thiab William ntawm Ockham yog cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb no. Lawv demarcated lub ntiaj teb no ntawm sab ntsuj plig incomprehensible thiab scientifically raws li kev paub txog kev muaj tiag. Cov neeg xav sib cav hais tias txhua yam nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tsuas yog raws li txoj cai ntawm physics tsis muaj mystical admixture. Roger Bacon thawj zaug qhia lub tswvyim ntawm "kev sim kev tshawb fawb". Nws cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog Opus Majus, Opus Minus, Opus Tertium thiab Compendium Studii Philosophiae.
Kev loj hlob ntawm lus Askiv philosophical xav nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance
Thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance, Thomas More tau tso lub hauv paus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua niaj hnub no. Nws txoj kev xav thiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv kev pom zoo ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv zej zog tau tsim tawm hauv phau ntawv "Utopia" (1516). Muaj ib txoj cai lij choj, nws tau tsim kom muaj ib lub tswv yim meej ntawm lub xeev system, nyob rau hauv uas txhua feem ntawm lub zej zog yuav muaj vaj huam sib luag txoj cai thiab lub cib fim, thuam hnyav rau cov kev txiav txim uas twb muaj lawm thiab thov ib tug kev hloov kho.
Tam sim no, tus kws tshawb fawb thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Francis Bacon tau hais tias tsuas yog kev xyaum ua tau yog qhov tseeb, thiab ua rau muaj kev ntseeg ntawm British empiricism thiab materialism, tau tsim txoj kev tiv thaiv kev kawm ntawm inductive kev paub. Nws tau hais txog nws cov tswv yim thiab cov txheej txheem hauv kev ua haujlwm "Ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees thiab Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb", "Kev sim, lossis cov lus qhia txog kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev nom kev tswv", "Tshiab Atlantis", thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev cai dab qhuas treatises "New Organon", "Sacred Reflections", "Kev lees txim ntawm Kev Ntseeg". Nws cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb hauv inductive methodology hu ua "Bacon's method".
Tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Thomas Hobbes tau koom tes nrog F. Bacon, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb kev pom yav tom ntej. Hobbes yog ib tug adherent ntawm mechanistic materialism, tsis kam lees lub neej ntawm ib tug incorporeal sensible khoom. Tus neeg xav kuj tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev cog lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub treatise "Leviathan", nws thawj zaug hais lub tswv yim ntawm subordinate lub tsev teev ntuj rau huab tais thiab siv kev cai dab qhuas los ua ib lub cuab tam los tswj cov neeg.
Txoj kev xav ntawm kev paub txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tau raug tsim los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv zoo ntawm xyoo pua 17th John Locke. Nws cov tswv yim tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm David Hume, uas kuj qhia txog kev txaus siab rau kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm tib neeg.
EraKev Paub
Zoo li cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov neeg xav txog Kev Txawj Ntse tau tsim cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm positivism thiab txoj kev xav ntawm kev paub inductive tau muab impetus los ntawm kev lag luam kiv puag ncig. Cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv Charles Darwin thiab Herbert Spencer tau koom nrog cov chaw no.
Ch. Darwin - ib tug naas ej naturalist thiab traveler - tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau kev kawm raws li ib tug me nyuam. Nws pom nws txoj haujlwm nyob hauv University of Edinburgh, thaum xyoo 1826 nws tau los ua tub ntxhais kawm ntawm natural sciences. Qhov kev taw qhia kev tshawb fawb no tau ntes tus tub hluas, nws pib ua kom muaj kev vam meej sai, thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas nws tau txais mus rau hauv qeb ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Tsawg tus neeg paub tias ntxiv rau txoj kev xav ntawm evolution thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb pom loj, Darwin muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tswv yim, uas nws txhim kho lub tswv yim ntawm cov khoom siv, lees paub positivism yog tib txoj kev coj ncaj ncees hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb.
Nws yog qhov nthuav tias tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv Askiv Spencer, 7 xyoo ua ntej tshaj tawm ntawm Darwin txoj haujlwm ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm hom, tau hais lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ciaj sia taus ntawm qhov haum" thiab lees paub txog kev xaiv ntuj tsim los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj qus. Ib yam li Darwin, Herbert Spencer yog tus txhawb nqa ntawm inductive kev paub txog kev muaj tiag thiab ntseeg tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb raws qhov tseeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Spencer tau tsim lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev xav txog kev xav: kev ywj pheej, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, lub tswv yim ntawm cov koom haum hauv zej zog. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm 10 phau ntawv yog "Lub Txheej Txheem ntawm Kev Txawj Ntse".
XIX century
J. Stuart Mill tau paub tias yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv zoo ntawm xyoo pua 19th. Nws muaj lub siab zoo: thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 xyoos nws pib kawm lej siab dua, thiab thaum muaj 14 xyoos nws tau txais kev paub tag nrho ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Nws tau koom nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ywj pheej, tiv thaiv lub tswv yim ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm tus kheej. Ua ke nrog nws tus poj niam Harriet nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntawv sau "Ntawm Cov Poj Niam", "Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam". Peru Mill belongs rau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb "System of Logic", "Utilitarianism", "On Freedom".
Hegelianism tau nrov thaum tig ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries. Cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv Thomas Green, Francis Bradley thiab Robin Collingwood tau muab cov duab no ua ib daim ntawv ntawm kev ntseeg tiag tiag. Lawv tuav txoj haujlwm kev saib xyuas ntawm "qub tsev kawm ntawv" thiab yog cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev ntseeg tiag tiag. Lawv nthuav tawm lawv cov tswv yim hauv tej hauj lwm: Prolegomena rau Ethics (T. Green), "Ethical Research" thiab "Essay on Truth and Reality" (F. Bradley), "Idea of History" (R. Collingwood).
sijhawm tshiab
theem tom ntej ntawm kev paub yog neorealism, tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm George Moore thiab Bertrand Russell. Tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv thiab tus kws tshawb fawb lus Askiv J. Moore tau tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsom xam, thuam cov tswv yim kev xav thiab tiv thaiv lub tswv yim ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees hauv nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb Principia Ethica. Nyob rau hauv lem, Bertrand Russell tiv thaiv pacifism thiab atheism nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm, ua ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev xav ntawm kev paub. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.
Alfred Ayer, tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv neo-positivist, tseem paub txog nws txoj haujlwm, thiab nws tau hais txog kev xav txog kev xav raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav txog niaj hnub no hauv kev txawj ntse hais lus Askiv.
