YJoseph Alexandrovich Brodsky yog tus kws sau paj huam Lavxias thiab Asmeskas, tus kws sau nkauj thiab sau ntawv. Exiled los ntawm USSR, nws tau txais Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thaum lub active theem ntawm kev hloov kho pib nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, glasnost tau tshaj tawm, tsis yog lub xeev cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tswj tau tshwm sim, thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog rau lub tebchaws United States zoo lawm markedly.
Muab khoom plig ob npaug
Lub Swedish Academy, hauv nws cov lus tshaj tawm, hu nws cov ntawv sau thiab paj huam, ua tsaug rau qhov nws tau muaj npe nrov, ua piv txwv ntawm kev sau ntawv, imbued nrog clarity ntawm kev xav thiab poetic zog.
Nyob rau hauv nws cov xov xwm tshaj tawm, Academy tau them nqi zog rau Brodsky txoj kev mob siab rau nws txoj kev kos duab, sau tseg tias ib tug tub hluas Leningrad tus kws sau paj lug hauv av, nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua rau tus kab mob parasitism, raug txim mus pw hav zoov nyob rau sab qaum teb, thiab tom qab ntawd raug tshem tawm. kev ua pej xeem thiab raug ntiab tawm ntawm Soviet Union xyoo 1972. Thaum lub sijhawm Nobel nqi zog, Brodsky nyob hauv New York thiab qhia ib feem ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Mount Holyoke College hauv Massachusetts.
Laureate, tau kawm txog qhov khoom plig thaum lub sijhawmnoj su hauv London nrog tus kws sau ntawv Askiv Askiv John Le Carré, hais tias nws txaus siab ob npaug li ib tug neeg Lavxias thiab ib tug neeg Asmeskas.
Tawm ntawm kev nom kev tswv
Tus kws sau paj huam 47 xyoo thiab tus kws sau ntawv qhia kev cia siab tias vim yog txoj cai tshiab ntawm glasnost thiab qhib siab, nws yuav muaj sijhawm pom nws tus tub 20 xyoo Andrei, uas nyob hauv Leningrad. Raws li nws hais, qhov xwm txheej hauv lub tebchaws tau zoo dua qub piv rau 15 xyoo dhau los, tab sis nws tau txais nqi zog rau cov ntawv nyeem, tsis yog kev nom kev tswv.
Nyob rau hauv kev tshaj tawm qhov khoom plig ntawm Nobel nqi zog rau Brodsky, xibfwb Stuart Allen, tus tuav ntaub ntawv ruaj khov ntawm Swedish Academy, tau hais tias qhov no tsis yog ib qho teeb meem kev nom kev tswv rau Soviet Union, uas Brodsky txoj haujlwm tseem txwv. Tab sis ib tug ntawm 5 tus tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg xaiv tsa, Goran Malmqvist ntawm Stockholm University, taw qhia tsis pom zoo. Xib Fwb Allen tau hais tias nws tsis paub tias kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Soviet cov thawj coj yuav ua li cas, thiab qhov no tsis thab nws ntau. Raws li nws, nws tuaj yeem pom qhov tsis lees paub, xws li hauv rooj plaub ntawm Solzhenitsyn thiab Pasternak, tab sis nws yuav ruam ua qhov no, vim tias qhov no yog tus kws sau paj huam zoo heev uas loj hlob thiab pib sau ntawv hauv Russia.
Soviet Foreign Ministry tus kws tshaj lij Gennady Gerasimov tau hais tias qhov saj ntawm Nobel Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas qee zaum coj txawv txawv thiab ntxiv tias nws yuav nyiam tus kws sau nkauj Trinidadian yug los Naipaul kom tau txais qhov khoom plig.
Brodsky tau txais Nobel nqi zog xyoo twg?
18cov tswv cuab ntawm Swedish Academy, raws li ntau qhov chaw, xaiv tus yeej nrog ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb lub koob npe nrov thiab kev cia siab ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. Qhov kev ntsuas zaum kawg tau dhau los ua qhov kev ntsuas tsim nyog, txij li Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm yav dhau los tau raug thuam rau kev xaiv cov neeg laus thiab cov neeg tsis paub Nobel nqi zog.
Brodsky tau los ua tus thib ob tus yau tshaj plaws hauv kev sau ntawv. Albert Camus muaj 44 xyoo thaum nws tau txais qhov khoom plig no xyoo 1957. Xyoo 1987, qhov khoom plig muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kwv yees li US $ 330,000. Kev nthuav qhia nom tswv ntawm Nobel nqi zog yeej ntawm txhua qhov kev qhia tau tshwm sim rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 10.
Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg xaiv tsa tsis tau tshaj tawm, ib tus tswv cuab ntawm Academy tau lees paub tias Brodsky yog tus neeg kawg hauv xyoo 1986, thaum tus kws sau paj huam Nigerian Wole Shoyinka yeej. Xyoo tom ntej, raws li qee cov lus ceeb toom, nws tau tshaj tawm cov neeg sib tw xws li Naipaul, tus neeg thuam Mev thiab kws sau paj huam Octavio Paz, thiab tus kws sau paj huam Spanish Camilo José Chela, yug hauv 1916.
Zoo siab txais tos
Lub Swedish Academy zoo li tau ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj ntawm kev zam qhov kev hais lus tsis zoo uas nrog, piv txwv li, xyoo 1984 kev txiav txim siab muab khoom plig rau tus kws sau paj huam Czechoslovak 83 xyoo Jaroslav Seifert. Qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm cov zej zog tseem ceeb thiab kev kawm rau qhov khoom plig ntawm Nobel nqi zog rau Brodsky tau zoo siab.
Tseem muaj tsawg tus kws sau ntawv uas yuav ua ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv mus ib txhis, thiab nws yog ib tus ntawm lawv, raws li kws sau ntawv thiab thuam Susan Sontag. Raws li nwsHauv kuv lub tswv yim, tsis yog txhua tus kws sau ntawv zoo tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel, thiab tsis yog txhua tus Nobel nqi zog tau muab rau tus kws sau ntawv zoo, tab sis qhov no yog qhov piv txwv thaum tus kws sau ntawv loj, zoo meej, zoo tshaj plaws los ua tus yeej.
Thiab Yale University Associate Professor ntawm Lavxias Literature Susan Amert tau xaiv tus yeej tus kws sau paj huam zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias.
Tus nqi zog Nobel ntawm Joseph Brodsky tau tshaj tawm ib txwm ua. Raws li lub moos ntaus 13, Xib Fwb Allen nkag mus rau hauv lub rooj sib tham uas muaj neeg coob coob ntawm Lub Tsev Txiaj Ntsig hauv Lub Nroog Qub. Nias nws nraub qaum ntawm lub qhov rooj, nws lub ntsej muag tshee hnyo nrog kev zoo siab, nws tshaj tawm Brodsky lub npe. Qhov kev pom zoo tom ntej no qhia tau hais tias cov neeg tam sim no ua raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus sau.
khoom plig los saum ntuj
Daim ntawv sau txog keeb kwm uas muab rau cov neeg sau xov xwm hais tias paj huam rau Brodsky yog khoom plig los saum ntuj. Nws tau sau tseg qhov kev siv zog ntawm nws cov lus thiab nws qhov kev paub zoo ntawm cov lus Askiv hauv ib phau ntawv paj huam uas luam tawm xyoo 1986 raws li Keeb Kwm ntawm Twentieth Century. Phau ntawv no thiab xyoo 1986 sau cov ntawv sau tsawg dua Ib qho muab Brodsky qhov kev xaiv tsa nrog lub sijhawm muaj zog ntawm kev yeej. Tab sis cov paj huam uas nws tau tsim nws lub koob npe nrov yog thawj zaug luam tawm nyob rau sab hnub poob hauv xyoo 1967 hauv Lavxias thiab tom qab ntawd muab txhais ua lus Askiv los ntawm tus sau thiab nws cov phooj ywg.
Thaum lub sijhawm ua koob tsheej, Brodsky hais tias nws tsis hloov hom lus - nws siv lus Askiv vim nws nyiam, thiab tseem sau cov paj huam zoo qub ua lus Lavxias.
kab lig kev cai ntawm Mandelstam thiab Akhmatova
Nobel nqi zog yeej Brodsky yug rau lub Tsib Hlis 24, 1940 hauv Leningrad. Tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv thaum muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoos, nws ua hauj lwm ua tus pab prosector, stoker thiab neeg tsav nkoj. Nws qhia ua lus Polish thiab lus Askiv, sau paj huam thiab tsim nws lub txiaj ntsim rau kev nyeem ntawv zoo heev, uas tau hais rau ciam teb ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab.
Philologists ntaus nqi rau Lavxias teb sab niaj hnub kev lig kev cai ntawm Osip Mandelstam, leej twg tuag nyob rau hauv Stalin txoj kev tuag camp, thiab Anna Akhmatova, ib tug influential sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam, uas tsis ntev ua ntej nws tuag coj lub phiaj los nqis tes uas ua rau Brodsky tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1965.. Nws cov lus Askiv hais txog kev tshoov siab txij li John Donne mus rau cov neeg kawm ntawm Auden thiab Robert Lowell.
Literary Police
Cov paj huam ntawm Joseph Brodsky, nrog rau cov duab haunting ntawm kev taug kev, kev poob thiab kev tshawb nrhiav kev ywj pheej, tsis yog kev nom kev tswv, tsis yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm anarchist lossis txawm tias muaj kev tawm tsam. Nws yog ib tug dissident ntawm tus ntsuj plig, tawm tsam tawm tsam lub neej grey nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union thiab nws materialistic dogmas.
Tab sis nyob rau hauv ib lub teb chaws uas paj huam thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv tau raug cai rau lub xeev, qhov twg paj huam raug yuam ua hauj lwm nyuaj nyob rau hauv lub quarries ntawm socialist realism, txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm Brodsky tej hauj lwm yog inevitable, tab sis ua tsaug rau " Samizdat" nws tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam thiab yuav tsum tau ntsib cov tub ceev xwm sau ntawv.
Xyoo 1963, Brodsky tau raug txim los ntawm Leningrad cov ntawv xov xwm, uas nws cov paj huam hu uaduab liab qab thiab anti-Soviet. Nws raug nug, nws txoj haujlwm raug ntes, nws tau muab tso rau hauv lub chaw puas hlwb ob zaug. Thaum kawg, nws raug ntes thiab coj mus hais plaub. Tom qab ntawd txawm xav tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim tias nws yuav tau txais Nobel nqi zog.
Brodsky raug txim nyob rau xyoo twg?
Tsis lees paub tus kws sau paj huam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws cov haujlwm, xyoo 1964 cov tub ceev xwm tau foob nws nrog kab mob sib kis. Lawv hu ua Brodsky ib tug kws sau paj lug cuav nyob rau hauv corduroy ris uas tsis tau ua tiav nws txoj cai tswjfwm ua haujlwm ncaj ncees rau lub tebchaws zoo. Qhov kev sim no tau ua nyob rau hauv zais cia, txawm hais tias nws cov ntaub ntawv raug nyiag lawm thiab ua rau Brodsky nrov nyob rau sab hnub poob, uas tam sim ntawd pom lub cim tshiab ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lub zej zog tag nrho. Tus kws sau paj huam raug txim raug txim raug kaw 5 xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv ib lub chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau sab qaum teb.
Tab sis tawm tsam qhov kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, 18 lub hlis tom qab, cov tub ceev xwm Soviet tau txiav txim siab, thiab nws rov qab mus rau nws haiv neeg Leningrad. Tshaj li 7 xyoo tom ntej no, Brodsky tau sau txuas ntxiv, ntau yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau muab txhais ua German, Fabkis thiab Askiv thiab luam tawm txawv teb chaws, thiab nws cov koob meej tau nce ntxiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab hnub poob.
Ntawm teb
Tus kws sau paj lug raug tsim txom ntau zuj zus rau nws haiv neeg Yudais thiab paj huam. Nws raug txwv tsis pub mus ncig txawv teb chaws rau kev sib tham sau ntawv. Thaum kawg, xyoo 1972, nws raug tshem tawm ntawm nws txoj kev ua pej xeem, raug coj mus rau tshav dav hlau, thiab raug ncaws tawm.lub teb chaws. Nws niam nws txiv tseem nyob USSR.
Auden thiab Lowell tau los ua Brodsky cov phooj ywg thiab cov neeg txhawb nqa tom qab nws tuaj rau sab hnub poob. Lawv raug coj los rau nws los ntawm kev txiav txim siab, feem ntau qhia los ntawm cov kiv cua, tias nws yog "tus neeg raug".
Nrog kev pab los ntawm xibfwb Karl Proffer thiab tus kws sau paj huam Auden, uas Brodsky ntsib hauv Vienna thaum nws tuaj txog ntawm USSR, tus kws sau paj lug tau nyob hauv Ann Arbor, Michigan, qhov chaw nws tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm University of Michigan Creative People Program. Tom qab ntawd nws tsiv mus rau New York qhov chaw uas nws qhia hauv Queens College, Mount Holyoke College thiab lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nws tau mus ncig ntau, tab sis tsis tau rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws txawm tias tom qab lub tebchaws Soviet poob lawm. Nws tau los ua neeg xam xaj Meskas xyoo 1977.
Meanwhile, nws cov paj huam, ua yeeb yam, sau ntawv thiab kev thuam tau tshwm sim nyob rau nplooj ntawv ntawm ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm, suav nrog The New Yorker, The New York Book Review thiab lwm cov ntawv xov xwm. Rau lawv cov lus qhuab qhia, Brodsky tau txais 1981 McCarter thiab 1986 National Book Critics Circle khoom plig, tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv kev sau ntawv los ntawm Oxford University, thiab 1987 yog xyoo Joseph Brodsky Nobel nqi zog.
Tus kws sau paj huam zoo tshaj plaws
Raws li Thomas Venclof, tus pab xibfwb ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm Yale University, uas tau ntsib Brodsky 20 xyoo dhau los, nws qhov kev nce siab yog huab cua - los ntawm thawj nqe lus, txhua tus neeg ntseeg tias nws yog tus kws sau paj huam zoo tshaj plaws niaj hnub Lavxias.
Michael Scammell, tus thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm Cornell University, hu nwstus zoo tshaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv. Raws li nws, Brodsky belongs rau cov kev lig kev cai ntawm nees nkaum-xyoo pua paj huam sawv cev los ntawm Mandelstam, Akhmatova thiab Pasternak. Tus sau phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Alexander Solzhenitsyn kuj tau hais ntxiv tias Brodsky muaj qhov pom kev sib sib zog nqus thiab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm tib neeg, thiab nws tsis khoom nrog txoj hmoo ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej.
Tus tiv thaiv kev ywj pheej thiab tib neeg txoj cai
Txawm hais tias Brodsky nyiam lub npe hu ua tus kws sau paj huam es tsis yog tus neeg thuam USSR, nws yog tus txhawb nqa tib neeg txoj cai thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm xov xwm. Ib qho ntawm nws cov ntawv sau muaj zog tshaj plaws cuam tshuam txog cov tub ceev xwm Soviet tsis kam tso cai rau nws mus ntsib nws niam nws txiv hauv Leningrad ua ntej nws niam, tus neeg txhais lus, tuag hauv 1983 thiab nws txiv, kws yees duab, tuag xyoo 1984.
Lub xyoo ntawm Brodsky's Nobel nqi zog yog qhov pib ntawm thaw hauv thaj av, uas, raws li tus kws sau paj huam cov phooj ywg, nws tseem mob siab rau kev hlub. Cov phau ntawv keeb kwm Soviet Novy Mir, uas tus kws sau paj huam thawj zaug luam tawm nws cov ntawv sau rau Akhmatova zaj paj huam xyoo 1963, tau thov kev tso cai los luam tawm qee tus neeg qhuas cov paj huam.
Joseph Brodsky tuag thaum Lub Ib Hlis 28, 1996 hauv Brooklyn thiab raug faus hauv Venice.
