Elizaveta Merkuryevna Bem (1843 - 1914) muaj txuj ci zoo uas ua rau muaj kev kaj siab rau cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus.
Bem Elizaveta yug hauv St. Petersburg hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm cov qub Tatar tsev neeg ntawm Endaurovs, uas tuaj rau kev pab cuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsars nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th. Txij li thaum muaj hnub nyoog tsib mus rau kaum plaub, nws nyob ntawm nws txiv lub cuab yeej cuab tam hauv lub xeev Yaroslavl. Txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, Bem Elizaveta hlub lub neej nyob deb nroog thiab cov menyuam hauv zos. Lawv yog ib qho kev tshoov siab tas li, thaum lub sijhawm Elizaveta Merkuryevna tau los ua neeg laus. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tus ntxhais tsis tso tus cwj mem thiab kos rau ntawm ib daim ntawv uas tuaj rau nws txhais tes. Cov phooj ywg ntawm nws niam nws txiv qhia nws kom xa tus ntxhais uas mob siab rau kev kos duab mus kawm. Cov niam txiv, thaum lawv tus ntxhais muaj 14 xyoos, tau muab nws mus rau Tsev Kawm Ntawv rau Kev Txhawb Nqa Cov Kws Ua Yeeb Yam. Nws cov kws qhia ntawv yog cov neeg zoo - P. Chistyakov, I. Kramskoy, A. Beidman. Elizaveta Bem kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv thaum muaj hnub nyoog 21 xyoo xyoo 1864 nrog ib qho khoom plig kub.
Kev txij nkawm
Peb xyoos tom qab, Liza Endaurova yuav Ludwig Frantsevich Bem. Nws yog 16 xyoo laus, tab sis txaus nyiam heev rau nws eccentricity. Nws yog ib tug tshuab rajviolinist, uas tom qab ntawd qhia ntawm St. Petersburg Conservatory. Ib txwm muaj suab paj nruag hauv lawv lub tsev, thiab tsis yog suab paj nruag violin nkaus xwb. Lub piano kuj yog ib qho cuab yeej uas nyiam. Kev sib yuav uas Bem Elizabeth nkag mus rau hauv yog ib qho kev zoo siab. Nws yug tau ob peb tug me nyuam. Tsev neeg nyob rau ntawm Vasilyevsky Island, tom qab ntawd, thaum cov me nyuam loj hlob tuaj thiab pib nyob sib cais, tag nrho cov tib yam, nrog los yog tsis muaj nws, tag nrho cov tsev neeg, ua ke nrog lawv cov xeeb ntxwv - gymnasium cov tub ntxhais kawm, sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub tsev so phooj ywg ntawm pog Elizaveta. Merkuryevna, thiab Stradivarius violin, uas ib zaug koom nrog Beethoven, thiab tam sim no ua si los ntawm Ludwig Frantsevich. Nws coj nws los ntawm Vienna.
Silhouettes
Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, kev mob siab rau kev txiav tawm silhouette portraits thiab contour profiles los ntawm daim ntawv tais diav tau tshwm sim nrog txiab. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, nws tau dhau los ua qhov yooj yim. Cov neeg zaum thiab yav tsaus ntuj tag nrho tsev neeg txiav tawm ntau dua lossis tsawg dua cov duab. Nws tuaj yeem yog lub nkoj caij nkoj, caij nees, lossis ib daim duab tag nrho ntawm tus txiv neej nrog lub kaus mom thiab pas nrig. Rau qhov no, ob qho tib si dub thiab dawb thiab cov ntawv xim tau siv. Hans Christian Andersen kuj nyiam qhov no. Muaj craftsmen nyob rau hauv no ntxim hlub txoj hauj lwm uas masterfully muaj txiab.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 19th, Elizaveta Bem tau tsa nws mus rau qib siab. Los ntawm 1875 nws pib ua cov duab silhouette siv cov txheej txheem lithographic. Nyob rau ntawm polished nto ntawm pob zeb, nrog tus cwj mem tshwj xeeb, nws tau ua tib zoo sau daim duab nrog cov ntsiab lus me tshaj plaws (cov plaub hau curly ntawm cov menyuam yaus, plaub.noog, lace ntawm cov menyuam roj hmab hnav khaub ncaws, cov hniav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov nyom, paj petals), ces etched nrog acids, thiab vim li ntawd, tom qab siv cov xim thiab luam ntawv, ib qho txuj ci me me tshwm sim. Elizaveta Bem ua silhouettes hauv txoj kev nyuaj. Tam sim no lawv tuaj yeem luam tawm ntau zaus rau tag nrho cov phau ntawv.
Ua ntej, cov ntawv tshaj tawm "Silhouettes" tshwm sim. Ob xyoos tom qab, lub album "Silhouettes ntawm lub neej ntawm cov me nyuam" raug tso tawm. Tsawg kawg yog tsib albums raug tso tawm tom qab. Lawv nrov heev. Lawv tau luam tawm tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Paris. Ob leeg Leo Tolstoy thiab Ilya Repin yog nws tus kiv cua.
Illustrations
Bem Elizaveta tau nthuav tawm cov ntawv xov xwm menyuam yaus "Kho khoom ua si" thiab "Malyutochka" txij li xyoo 1882. Tom qab ntawd - zaj dab neeg "Turnip", dab neeg los ntawm I. Krylov thiab "Notes of a Hunter" los ntawm I. Turgenev, A. Chekhov, N. Nekrasov, N. Leskov. Thiab kev vam meej tuaj rau nws txhua qhov chaw. Tus neeg thuam thuam V. V. Stasov tau hais lus zoo siab txog nws txoj haujlwm. Nws silhouettes tau luam tawm thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe. Ib zaug tom qab, nws cov ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv Berlin, Paris, London, Vienna thiab txawm nyob txawv teb chaws. Twb tau thaum nws qhov muag tsis muaj zog (1896) thiab tus kws kos duab tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem silhouette, txhua yam zoo ib yam, nws cov haujlwm tau koom nrog kev nthuav qhia thoob ntiaj teb, tau txais khoom plig. Yog li, xyoo 1906, tus kws kos duab tau txais ib qho khoom plig kub hauv Milan.
ABC
Nyob hauv peb lub sijhawm, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim raws nraim thaum thawj tsab ntawv ABC tau tshaj tawm. Thaj, qhov no tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 80s. Qhov haujlwm zoo no tau nyiam tus menyuam yaus, yuam nws ua phooj ywg rau hauv cov yeeb yuj kos duab,nco cov ntawv raws txoj kev. Rau tsab ntawv "buki", thawj zaug yog pleev xim rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus nab uas rub nws tus Tsov tus tw. Thiab daim duab qhia txog me ntsis boyar.
Ntawm txhua nplooj ntawv yog cov ntawv nyeem lom zem, uas tau nrog cov yeeb yuj duab. Cov tsiaj ntawv raug tua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm cov npe uas cov miniaturists ntawm 14th-16th centuries ua nyob rau hauv cov qauv xim ntawv. Ntawm no, piv txwv li, thawj tsab ntawv ntawm qhov kev qhia.
Nws qhia me ntsis harper uas zaum ntawm lub rooj zaum hauv lub tsev pheeb suab thiab hais lus. Nrog kev hlub rau tus me nyuam kawm ntawv, Elizaveta Bem ua cov duab kos. "Azbuka" tsuas yog nyiam thiab tsis tso tseg cov niam txiv uas qhia lawv tus menyuam, lossis tus menyuam uas ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas txhua daim duab, mloog nws niam nws txiv nyeem rau nws. Qhov "ABC" no yog rov luam tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st nrog cov ntaub thiab tawv npog nrog bronze clasps. Thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib co ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tau reprinted nyob rau hauv New York.
Holiday cards
Nov yog ib txoj kab tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv. Cov ntawv qhib uas Elizaveta Bem pleev xim rau, tus kws kos duab tswj kom ua kom pom tseeb thiab nco tau. Lawv yog daim npav hnub so uas tib neeg xa tuaj thaum Christmas lossis Easter.
Cov kos npe rau lawv tau tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab nws tus kheej, qhia tau zoo heev. Cov ntawv sau suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Easter zaj nkauj, nrog rau cov lus hais los ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Lavxias thiab cov kws kos duab nyiam cov paj lug thiab cov lus hais. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau tshwm sim thaum xyoo 1900s. ElizabethBem pib koom tes nrog lub tsev tshaj tawm hauv zej zog ntawm St. Evgenia, tom qab ntawd - hauv St. Petersburg nrog lub ruaj khov ntawm Richard thiab I. S. Lapin hauv Paris. Cov ntawv qhib tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv loj los ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - peb puas daim ntawv luam txhua. Nws yuav zoo li cov menyuam yaus ntxim nyiam sawv thiab nqa cov qe xim thiab willow. Tab sis tus tub thiab tus ntxhais no ntxim hlub heev li daim duab uas tsis paub qab hau hais tau ntau rau lub siab.
Daim npav rau txhua hnub
Cov neeg siv khoom kuj nyiam lawv, vim tias lawv tau piav qhia cov xwm txheej ntawm Lavxias lub neej, tag nrho ntawm paj huam, kev xav thiab kev sib raug zoo. Tus kws kos duab kos npe rau lawv. Thiab cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm nws daim ntawv tshaj tawm yog cov menyuam yaus hauv zos, uas Elizaveta Merkuryevna pom txhua lub caij ntuj sov thaum nws tuaj txog ntawm thaj av ze ntawm Yaroslavl.
Rau cov piv txwv, sib cav, ib tsab ntawv qhib tau hais kom tsis txhob npau taws thiab tsis yog beech, tab sis ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb. Ntawm no, cov menyuam yaus hnav khaub ncaws hauv keeb kwm uas nws tau sau. Tus kws kos duab tau sau ntau yam txuj ci thiab khoom siv tes ua. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem raug liam tias tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab. Txawm hais tias "tsis tseem ceeb" raws li daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau dhau los ua kev kos duab, uas yog raws li qhov tseeb.
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntxim hlub nrog cov ntawv sau "lub siab tos txais cov lus teb." Cov ntawv tshaj tawm no tau ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub tebchaws thiab suav nrog cov lus dab neeg.
khoom noj khoom haus
Tam sim no, iav thiab nws cov txheej txheem, tau mus ntsib kuv tus tij laug Alexander ntawm lub Hoobkas siv lead ua, thiab qhov no yog cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim, Kuv tau nqa mus. Elizaveta Merkurievna, thiab, raws li ib txwm, kev vam meej tuaj rau nws. Ua ntej, saib cov qub tsoos bratinas, goblets, khob, ladles, nws pib ua cov ntawv. Tom qab ntawd kuv tsiv mus rau painting. Thiab qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm ntsig txog cov pa tshuaj fluoride. Thaum etching iav, tus kws kos duab muab lub npog ntsej muag. Thiab tam sim ntawd nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo uas nws pib kho iav, nws tau txais ib tug kub puav pheej ntawm ib tug exhibition nyob rau hauv Chicago.
Hauv xyoo 1896, hnub nyoog nees nkaum xyoo ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntawm Elizaveta Merkuryevna tau tshwm sim. Tag nrho cov tswv yim txawj ntse teb rau nws. Pab kev zoo siab tuaj ntawm Leo Tolstoy, I. Aivazovsky, I. Repin, V. Stasov, A. Somov, I. Zabelin, A. Maykov.
Xyoo 1904, Elizaveta Merkurievna tau los ua poj ntsuam, tab sis tseem tsis tuaj yeem xav txog lub neej yam tsis muaj tswv yim. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1914, nyob rau ua ntej ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, nws tuag. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, nws tej hauj lwm tsis nyob rau hauv kev thov, lawv sim kom tsis nco qab lawm. Qhov tseeb kos duab tsim los ntawm Elizaveta Bem tsis tau ploj mus. Nws biography tau tsim muaj kev zoo siab. Nws tej hauj lwm tseem ciaj sia thiab zoo siab rau nws cov neeg qhuas txawm tam sim no, thaum ib puas xyoo dhau los txij thaum nws tuag.
