Thawj txoj cai ntawm ecology hais tias txhua yam yog kev sib tshuam, thiab tsis yog ntawm lawv tus kheej xwb, tab sis nrog txhua yam. Koj ua tsis tau ib kauj ruam yam tsis ntaus ib yam dab tsi. Txiv neej niaj hnub cuam tshuam qhov sib npaug ntawm ib puag ncig. Txhua tus tib neeg cov kauj ruam ua kom puas tsuaj ntau ntau cov kab mob txawm tias nyob rau hauv ib lub pas dej zoo tib yam, tsis txhob hais txog cov kab ntshai uas raug yuam kom hloov lawv txoj kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab txo lawv cov khoom tsim tau. Ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug, natural resources depleted, links nyob rau hauv ecosystems yog tawg. Tag nrho cov no tau loj hlob mus rau hauv cov teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb. Muaj coob tus neeg nyob rau ntawm verge ntawm ciaj sia taus. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tsis hloov, ces nws cov pejxeem khiav txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm ploj mus ob peb tiam. Dab tsi yog pej xeem thiab nws tus lej taug qab li cas, yuav tau tham hauv kab lus no.
Population definition
Cov kab mob uas muaj tib hom muaj peev xwm pauv taugenetic ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg no, nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw, ua ib feem ntawm lub biotic zej zog thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws - qhov no yog ib tug pej xeem. Nws muaj ntau tus yam ntxwv, tsuas yog tus neeg nqa khoom uas yog pab pawg, thiab tsis yog ib tus neeg koom nrog pawg no.
Yam dynamics nyob ntawm qhov ntom?
Qhov zoo li no raws li cov pej xeem muaj zog nyob ntawm nws qhov ntom. Muaj peb hom kev dependence:
- Cov pejxeem kev loj hlob tsawg zuj zus nrog kev nce zuj zus. Qhov no tshwm sim yog dav thiab qhia tau hais tias yog vim li cas rau lub persistence ntawm ib co pejxeem. Nrog rau qhov nce ntawm qhov ntom, qhov kev yug me nyuam txo qis. Piv txwv li, yog tias qhov ceev ntawm lub tit loj yog tsawg dua 1 khub ntawm 1 hectares ntawm thaj av, ces kwv yees li kaum plaub tus menyuam qaib tuaj yeem suav rau hauv ib lub zes, nrog rau qhov ceev txog li 18 khub, txog li 8 tus menyuam qaib hatch hauv ib lub zes.. Interestingly, pej xeem dynamics nyob ntawm seb qhov ntom ntom cuam tshuam rau kev sib deev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg. Qhov no tau pom meej meej hauv cov ntxhw, muaj peev xwm ua kom rov ua dua tshiab uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12 txog 18 xyoo. Yog tias qhov ceev tsawg, peb tuaj yeem tham txog kev yug ntawm ib tus menyuam ntxhw txhua plaub xyoos, nrog qhov ntom ntom - ib tus menyuam ntxhw hauv xya xyoo.
- Cov neeg coob coob nce siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntom ntom. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tsiaj uas qhia txog cov nyhuv.
- Nyob rau hom thib peb, qhov twg cov pej xeem muaj zog nyob ntawm, qhov kev loj hlob tseem tsis hloov mus txog thaumsiab ceev, tom qab uas nws pib poob sharply. Qhov kev vam meej no tau pom meej meej hauv cov pej xeem ntawm lemmings. Nws pib tsiv mus nyob rau qhov siab kawg nkaus.
Biotic factor
Hauv cov pej xeem sib npaug, kev tswj hwm kev nplua nuj yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm biotic. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no yog kev sib tw hauv cov hom. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag: kev tawm tsam rau zes (nws qhov chaw). Xws li kev sib tw tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev poob siab (cov nyhuv physiological). Xws li dynamics ntawm cov pejxeem loj yog zoo kawg nkaus taug qab nyob rau hauv nas. Yog hais tias lub ntom ntom dhau lawm, kev siv physiological ua rau txo qis fertility thiab nce nyob rau hauv lub neej no. Qhov no yog li cas cov pejxeem rov qab mus rau qhov qub qub.
yam cuam tshuam rau tus lej
Muaj qee hom tsiaj uas cov laus noj lawv cov xeeb ntxwv. Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov pejxeem thiab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm nws cov lej yog hu ua cannibalism. Nws tswj cov pej xeem loj nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm kev txo qis. Perch nyob rau hauv lub pas dej ntawm Western Siberia tuaj yeem ua piv txwv ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Cov zaub mov ntawm cov neeg laus muaj 80% ntawm cov hluas ntawm lawv tus kheej hom. Cov menyuam yaus lawv tus kheej noj plankton.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov tsiaj kuj tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov pej xeem ceev. Predators thiab prey, parasites thiab lawv cov tswv yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv ntau hom kab mob. Los ntawm qhov tseebfeem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov pej xeem ceev.
Lwm yam muaj xws li mob. Ntau hom kab mob muaj peev xwm txo tau cov pej xeem ntawm qee tus neeg rau cov cim qhia uas feem ntau cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Qhov no siv rau tag nrho cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob, suav nrog tib neeg. Cov kab mob kis tau sai tshaj plaws hauv cov neeg coob coob.
Type of dynamics
Vim cov pej xeem muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm cov tib neeg hauv cov pej xeem no, txawm hais tias nws nyuaj rau nrhiav tau ob qho tib si (zoo tib yam hauv cov neeg muaj zog), nws tseem muaj peev xwm txo tau lawv kwv yees li, nrog qhov yuam kev me me, mus rau peb. hom pejxeem dynamics:
- Stable.
- fwb.
- Explosive.
Kev piav qhia ntawm qhov ruaj khov thiab hloov pauv yam
Cov hom ruaj khov - ib yam rau feem ntau cov noog loj thiab tsiaj txhu. Cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm zoo, ua ke nrog cov peev txheej biotic hauv cov pej xeem thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm lwm tus neeg, tuaj yeem muab qee qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm tus lej, tab sis tsis tseem ceeb, ntau zaus, tab sis tsis txiav txim siab ntau. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj cai tswjfwm yog muab rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm cov tsiaj txhu thiab cov tsiaj nyeg thiab cov pejxeem hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tus cwj pwm, xws li hierarchy, territoriality, thiab lwm yam.
Hom hloov pauv - ib txwm rau cov pej xeem, tus lej thiab qhov ntom ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm ob mus raupeb xaj. Tsis muaj zog inertial mechanisms thiab intrapopulation kev sib tw nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm pej xeem txoj cai nyob rau hauv xws li kab mob yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev. Hom no yog ib yam, piv txwv li, rau ntau cov kab xylophagous.
Elongated bark beetles kuj yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov pej xeem cov kev hloov pauv uas gnaw los ntawm lub tsev menyuam thiab tso lawv cov qe hauv Siberian larch ntoo.
hom lus no mus txog peb theem:
- Kab cov neeg tua cov ntoo uas muaj cov khoom siv tsis muaj zog. Lawv secrete pheromones, attracting lwm tus neeg. Lawv cim thaj chaw, thiab tsob ntoo ntxiv tsis muaj zog. Raws li qhov ntom ntom, kev tsiv mus rau cov ntoo nyob sib ze pib.
- Kab kab txuas ntxiv nce ntxiv thiab cov qe lawv nteg tsawg zuj zus rau poj niam. Cov larvae pib tuag ntau dua.
- Cov pejxeem coob zuj zus tuaj, thiab cov pejxeem nyob ruaj khov mus rau qhov zoo.
Cov kab npauj npaim muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau cov pej xeem ntawm cov kab kab. Tab sis nws yog paradoxical: thaum tus naj npawb ntawm beetles khaws cia nyob rau hauv qis thiab nruab nrab theem, kev loj hlob ntawm bark beetle pej xeem yog txwv. Tsuas yog tus nab npawb ntawm beetles ua loj - lawv txo cov kev sib tw intraspecific, uas pab tswj kom muaj qib siab ntawm kev nplua nuj.
Hom tawg thiab nws qhov tshwj xeeb
Hom tawg - yam ntxwv ntawm cov pej xeem uas muaj kev sib kis loj zuj zus, thaum tus lej nce los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim loj. Cov tib neeg no muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo heev. Ceev rautuaj yeem dhau lub peev xwm ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Ces qhov kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj pib. Qhov no feem ntau siv rau locusts, nas zoo li nas thiab cov neeg zoo sib xws.
Nws nyuaj rau overestimate qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm cov pej xeem dynamics rau lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.
Yog pom muaj kev tsim tawm loj, nws txhais tau tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsis muaj kev tswj hwm. Tom qab ntawd qhov rov qab mus rau lub xeev ruaj khov, kev tswj hwm ntawm tus lej feem ntau tshwm sim vim yog intrapopulation mechanisms. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog cov kab mob loj, thaum muaj neeg coob coob.
Tus yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov pejxeem yog homeostasis. Qhov no yog ib txheej ntawm qhov tseeb thiab cov yam ntxwv uas nyob ntawm qhov ceev thiab ua rau kev hloov kho. Homeostasis muab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tib neeg hauv cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj ntau yam (tsis tso cai rau cov khoom siv ib puag ncig). Qhov no ua kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm ecological, ib puag ncig biotic thiab abiotic.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem dynamics
Nyob rau hauv txhua tus pej xeem, tus lej hloov tas li. Thaum muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv ntsuas ntawm kev nplua nuj (nruab nrab theem) raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig, ib tus hais txog kev hloov kho. Qhov rov qab mus rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev nplua nuj yog hu ua kev cai. Qhov ceev ib txwm hloov nws tus nqi thaum nws los txog rau cov pej xeem hloov.
Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias cov pej xeem muaj zog yog lub tswv yim txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm biotic.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm cov kab mob uas tso cai rau koj los tswj qhov loj ntawm cov pejxeem nyob ntawm nws qhov ntom. Cov no suav nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob biotic thiab cov peev txheej ntawm qhov chaw abiotic. Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xwm txheej no, cov pej xeem homeostasis tau tsim.
Patterns of homeostasis
- Lub hauv paus ntawm homeostasis yog kev hloov kho-kev tswj hwm, piv txwv li kev kho qhov yuam kev.
- Feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej muaj kev tswj hwm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb txhawm rau txhawm rau txwv kev loj hlob ntawm cov pej xeem.
- Tus lej tau nce vim qhov txo qis ntawm kev tswj hwm yam tseem ceeb.
- Lub luag haujlwm ntawm ntau yam kev tswj hwm kev hloov pauv nrog cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv ntawm cov pejxeem.
Hom pej xeem muaj zog hauv txhua tus pej xeem nyob ntawm seb cov txheej txheem homeostatic zoo npaum li cas. Raws li txoj cai, txhua tus pej xeem muaj peev xwm ntawm kev loj hlob tsis txwv hauv cov lej, yog tias nws tsis txwv los ntawm ib puag ncig yam. Tom qab ntawd cov pejxeem kev loj hlob yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub peev xwm biotic.
