Cov tsos ntawm Coptic kev sau ntawv yog sib txuas nrog kev sib kis ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau tiam II-III. ad. Yog vim li cas thiaj nrhiav tau ib hom lus tshiab yog xav tau txhais phau Vajlugkub.
Leej twg yog Copts?
Coptic - muab los ntawm lo lus "Copts" (Cov ntseeg Egyptian). Cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub raug suav hais tias yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg no. Mark the Evangelist yog suav tias yog tus tsim lub Koom Txoos Coptic (47-48 AD). Nyob rau xyoo pua 2, cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau nthuav tawm ntau dua ntawm cov pejxeem hauv tebchaws Iziv.
Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Coptic sau
Cov ntseeg xav tau cov ntaub ntawv kev ntseeg uas lawv nyeem tau thiab nkag siab. Phau Vajlugkub thaum ub sau ua lus Greek. Yog vim li cas rau kev tsim ib tsab ntawv tshiab yog qhov tseeb hais tias cov lus Iyiv txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm cov kev sib koom ua ke ritual. Nws tsis muaj vowels, ua rau qhov kev sim nyuaj rau kev tsim dua tshiab. Tab sis cov lus Greek tsis haum ib qho: nws tsis muaj qee yamLub suab Egyptian.
Keeb kwm ntawm Coptic sau ntawv pib thaum lub sijhawm thaum cov kws sau ntawv yuav tsum tau muab ob daim ntawv sau rau ntau lub suab lus ntawm cov lus. Tom qab ntawd muab cov tsiaj ntawv sib xyaw rau kev txhais lus. Cov neeg Iyiv tuaj yeem nkag siab cov ntawv sau, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm faib phau Vajlugkub rau cov neeg kom txhawb kev ntseeg. Thaum pib, qhov kev xaiv no tsis yog siv rau kev sib txuas lus hauv lub neej niaj hnub, nws tsuas yog siv hauv kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev ua koob tsheej.
Yog li cov tsiaj ntawv Coptic tau tsim - ib tsab ntawv sau uas suav nrog 24 tsab ntawv ntawm Western Greek cov tsiaj ntawv tsis zoo thiab 6-8 tus tsiaj ntawv ntawm Egyptian demotic lus (nyob ntawm hom lus siv). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 32 cim sau rau hauv nws.
Kev tsim kho ntawm Coptic sau ntawv
Thaum kawg ntawm 3rd c. Kev sau ntawv hieroglyphic tsis nco qab kiag li, tom qab ntawd, los ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th. Kev sau ntawv Coptic tau nthuav dav. Nws tau siv nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub rau ib-paus xyoo.
Nco ntsoov, xyoo 284 yog suav tias yog pib ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Copts. Lub sijhawm ntawd, thaj chaw Iyiv yog ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws Roman. Emperor Diocletian tau nce lub zwm txwv thiab txiav txim rau kev tsim txom ntawm cov ntseeg.
V c. Lub Koom Txoos Coptic tau raug cais tawm ntawm tsev neeg ntawm cov ntseeg pawg ntseeg. Yog vim li cas qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev xav txog Yexus Khetos qhov xwm txheej. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntseeg tau lees txais qhov dogma tias Yexus yog Vajtswv thiab tus txiv neej tib lub sijhawm. Cov Copts tau thov tias nws tsuas muaj qhov tseem ceeb los saum ntuj los. Excommunication los ntawm Christianity thiabkev cais ntawm lub Koom Txoos Coptic tau tso cai rau qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm tib neeg kom khaws cia.
Maj mam, tom qab cov Arabs kov yeej Syria, Palestine thiab Egypt hauv 640 thiab suav nrog lawv hauv Caliphate, cov lus pib ploj mus. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub teb chaws, es tsis txhob ntawm nws, cov ntawv Arabic tau qhia thiab siv, uas yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawv Coptic. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv tebchaws Iziv nws muaj mus txog rau xyoo pua 14th, tab sis tsuas yog siv hauv tsev teev ntuj xwb. Niaj hnub no, cov thwjtim ntawm lub Koom Txoos Coptic, uas muaj txog 8% ntawm cov pejxeem, tseem siv hom ntawv no los luam tawm cov ntawv kev ntseeg.
Thawj archaeological pom
Kev sau ntawv Coptic tau pom thawj zaug thaum lub sijhawm muaj Napoleon Bonaparte. Thaum pib ntawm lub XVIII-XIX centuries. Bonaparte tau koom nrog kev ntoj ke mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv 1799, nyob ze ntawm lub nroog Rosetta, nws detachment tsim fortifications. Ib tug ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, Bouchard, pom ib phab ntsa npog nrog cov ntawv qub uas yog rau lub ruined Arab fort (lub fortification kaw uas yog ib feem ntawm lub fortress). Cov ntawv sau tau sau ua cov cim sib xyaw ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Egyptian thaum ub thiab cov tsiaj ntawv Greek thaum ub. Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb cov ntawv sau nrog qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 1, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, 196.
Ib feem ntawm cov ntawv sau ua lus Greek tau txhais tau yooj yim. Tab sis nws nyuaj dua los txhais lus hieroglyphs zoo ib yam li Coptic tsab ntawv. Kev sau ntawv Coptic, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb Champollion, tiag tiag tig los ua tus yuam sij rau kev nyeem cov hieroglyphs. Tom qab siv nws rau decryption, scientificcov neeg ua haujlwm tau txhais tau tag nrho cov ntawv sau.
Type of Coptic
Kev sau ntawv Egyptian tau muab faib ua cov tsiaj ntawv Coptic qub (tseem nyob rau xyoo pua 3 BC) thiab Coptic (tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 2).
Old Copst yog qhov tsis pom zoo sib txawv uas tshwm sim los ntawm thawj zaug sim rov sau cov ntawv Egyptian rau hauv Greek, ntxiv rau nws cov suab ploj uas tau coj los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Egyptian thaum ub. Cov ntawv qub Coptic maj mam tsim.
Ntau tom qab - tsab ntawv Coptic - yog siv los ntawm cov ntseeg ntawm pawg ntseeg niaj hnub no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv muaj rau kev ntaus ntawv hauv computer suav nrog cov cim Coptic (Unicode version 4.1).
Spelling txawv
Lus Lavxias, peb tau siv los pom cov ntawv loj thiab cov ntawv sau qis ib yam nkaus. Qhov sib txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv khub A-a. Qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws hauv Coptic sau ntawv. Yuav luag txhua tus tsiaj ntawv me rov sau cov ntawv, tshwj tsis yog rau ib khub: Ϧ - ϧ.
Vim tias muaj cov lus nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv, kev sau cov ntawv kuj txawv me ntsis. Qee lub tsev kawm ntawv siv lub apostrophe, lwm tus yuav tsum tau tshee (zoo li "/") thiab lub peev Y.
Thawj qhov kev sim ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub los tsim cov tsiaj ntawv ntau dua tau ua rov qab rau xyoo pua 3 BC. BC. Tab sis qhov kawg version ntawm tsab ntawv Coptic tau npaj tsuas yog los ntawm lub xyoo pua 2nd. Hauv tebchaws Iziv, nws tau txais qhov davkis nrog rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv kom txog thaum Coptic sau tau hloov los ntawm Arabic. Tom qab ntawd cov ntawv Coptic tau ploj mus los ntawm kev siv txhua hnub, tab sis txuas ntxiv siv rau hauv pawg ntseeg kev ua koob tsheej thiab tau nqis los rau peb lub sijhawm.
