Georgian sau: nta, keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm, piv txwv

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:00

Georgian kev sau ntawv yog sawv cev los ntawm peb qhov sib txawv: Asomtavrul, Nuskhuri thiab Mkhedrul. Txawm hais tias cov kab ke sib txawv ntawm qhov tsos, lawv txhua tus tsis meej, uas yog, lawv cov ntawv muaj tib lub npe thiab cov ntawv sau, thiab tseem sau kab rov tav los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Ntawm peb tsab ntawv Georgian, Mkhedruli yog ib zaug muaj koob muaj npe.

Nws yog nws tus uas tau siv los ntawm Lub Xeev Chancellery. Daim ntawv no yog tam sim no tus qauv hauv Georgian niaj hnub thiab lwm yam lus Kartvelian. Asomtavruli thiab Nuskhuri tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub Koom Txoos Orthodox - nyob rau hauv ceremonial kev cai dab qhuas ntawv thiab iconography.

History

Georgian sau ntawv yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws qhov tsos. Nws lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem tsis tau tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov tsiaj ntawv feem ntau ua raws li Greek, tshwj tsis yog cov tsiaj ntawv uas qhia cov suab tshwj xeeb, uas tau muab faib ua pawg tom kawg ntawm cov npe. Thaum xub thawj, tsab ntawv muaj 38 tus cim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no tsuas muaj 33 ntawm lawv, vim tias muaj tsib tsab ntawv tam sim no.time outdated.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim Georgian siv hauv lwm ntu Kartvelian txawv. Megrelian siv 36 tsab ntawv, 33 qhov tam sim no. Ib tsab ntawv Georgian uas tsis siv lawm thiab ob tsab ntawv ntxiv hais txog Mingrelian Svan.

Laz siv tib 33 cov cim tam sim no raws li Mingrelian thiab cov ntawv tsis siv neeg qiv los ntawm Greek. Muaj 35 yam khoom.

Plaub Kartvelian style (Swan) feem ntau tsis siv. Thaum sau ntawv, lawv siv cov cim zoo ib yam li Megrelian, nrog rau cov tsiaj ntawv uas siv tsis tau ntxiv, thiab qee zaum nrog cov ntawv sau rau nws ntau cov lus.

Georgian tsab ntawv tau txais lub teb chaws cov cuab yeej cuab tam tsis muaj peev xwm nyob hauv lub tebchaws xyoo 2015. Nws tau suav nrog hauv UNESCO Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Cov Npe ntawm Cov Cuab Yeej Cuab Yeej Tsis Muaj Peev Xwm ntawm Tib Neeg hauv 2016.

Georgian tsab ntawv, keeb kwm

Nws tsis paub tseeb tias tus tsiaj ntawv tuaj ntawm qhov twg. Ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Georgian thiab txawv teb chaws tsis muaj kev pom zoo tiav rau hnub tsim, leej twg tsim nws, dab tsi cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem no. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia ntau yam kev xaiv ib zaug.

thawj version tau lees paub raws li tsab ntawv Georgian ntawm Asomtavruli, uas hnub rov qab mus rau tsawg kawg yog xyoo pua 5. Lwm hom tau tsim ntau tom qab. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau qhuas txog kev tsim cov ntawv Georgian rau cov txheej txheem ntawm Christianization ntawm Iberia (tsis yog yuav tsum tsis meej pem nrog Iberian Peninsula), lub nceeg vaj tseem ceeb ntawm Kartli. Yog li ntawd, cov tsiaj ntawv feem ntau yuav tsim los ntawm kev hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm lub teb chaws no nyob rau hauv tus huab taisMirian III thiab cov ntawv sau ntawm Bir el-Kutta hauv 430, ib txhij nrog cov tsiaj ntawv Armenian.

Nws yog thawj zaug siv los txhais Vajluskub thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv Christian ua lus hauv zos los ntawm cov txiv plig hauv Georgia thiab Palestine. Xib fwb Levan Chilashvili kev sib tham ntawm cov ntawv sau Asomtavruli uas nws tau pom nyob rau hauv lub nroog puas tsuaj ntawm Nekresi (Georgia lub xeev sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kakheti) hauv 1980s tsis tau txais.

Linguists

Georgian kev lig kev cai, thawj zaug ua pov thawj nyob rau hauv medieval chronicle "Lub neej ntawm cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Kartli" (circa 800), muab cov tsiaj ntawv rau ib tug pre-Christian keeb kwm thiab npe hu ua tus kav Pharnavaz kuv (3rd xyoo pua BC) raws li nws. tus neeg tsim khoom. Qhov no variant yog tam sim no suav hais tias yog legendary. Nws raug tsis lees paub los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo vim tsis muaj pov thawj archaeological tau pom.

Rapp ntseeg tias kev lig kev cai yog ib qho kev sim los ntawm Georgian pawg ntseeg los refute ib tug ua ntej lawm system, raws li cov tsiaj ntawv yog invented los ntawm Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots thiab yog ib lub zos daim ntawv thov ntawm Iranian qauv. Nyob rau hauv nws, lub primordial daim ntawv, los yog, theej, nws creation, yog ntaus nqi rau cov vajntxwv, ib yam li cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub ntsiab kev sib raug zoo tsev. Georgian linguist Tamaz Gamkrelidze muaj lwm txoj kev txhais lus ntawm kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv pre-Christian siv cov ntawv txawv teb chaws (Aramaic alloglottography) los sau cov ntawv Georgian.

Church question

Lwm qhov kev sib cav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov kws qhia txawv teb chaws hauv cov txheej txheem no. Raws liib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb thiab medieval qhov chaw, Mesrop Mashtots (qhov feem ntau lees paub tus tsim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Armenian) kuj tau tsim cov ntawv Georgian, Caucasian thiab Albanian. Qhov kev lig kev cai no tshwm sim hauv cov haujlwm ntawm Koryun, tus kws sau keeb kwm xyoo pua tsib thiab tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Mashtots. Nws kuj muaj cov lus hais los ntawm Donald Rayfield thiab James R. Russell. Tab sis qhov kev qhia no tau raug thuam los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Georgia thiab sab hnub poob.

Qhov kev sib cav tseem ceeb yog qhov kev txiav txim siab Koryun txoj hauv kev tsis yog qhov kev ntseeg siab heev, txawm tias tom qab kev cuam tshuam. Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb hais txog tus sau cov lus tsis hais txog lawv qhov siv tau. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus pom zoo tias Armenian cov txiv plig (yog tias tsis yog Mashtots nws tus kheej) yuav tsum tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tsim cov ntawv Georgian.

Pre-Christian period

Lwm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb cuam tshuam txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Georgian, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb sib cav seb nws puas tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm Greek lossis Semitic sau. Lo lus nug no tshwm sim vim hais tias cov cim zoo ib yam li cov cim Aramaic. Muaj tseeb tiag, cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tsis ntev los no tsom mus rau qhov zoo sib xws nrog cov tsiaj ntawv Greek ntau dua li lwm tus. Nqe lus no yog nyob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thiab tus lej ntawm cov ntawv. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau qhia qee yam ua ntej-Christian Georgian kab lis kev cai cov cim lossis cov cim xeem raws li kev tshoov siab rau qee cov ntawv.

Asomtavruli

Koj sau tsab ntawv Georgian li cas? Asomtavruli yog cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws. Lo lus no txhais tau tias "capitalsymbols": los ntawm aso (სო) "tsab" thiab mtavari (მთავარი) "head". Txawm tias nws lub npe, hom "cai peev" no yog unicameral, zoo li niaj hnub Georgian Mkhedruli.

Cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws Asomtavruli pom txog hnub tim rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 5th thiab nyob hauv Bir el-Kutt thiab Bolnisi.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9, Nuskhuri tsab ntawv pib ua tus thawj, thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm Asomtavruli txo qis. Txawm li cas los xij, epigraphic monuments ntawm 10th-18th centuries txuas ntxiv tsim nyob rau hauv thawj version ntawm tsab ntawv. Asomtavruli nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lig no tau ua ntau yam zoo nkauj. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm Georgian cov ntawv sau ntawm lub xyoo pua 9, sau rau hauv tsab ntawv Nuskhuri, cov ntawv qub tau siv rau cov npe thiab thawj cov ntawv ntawm tshooj. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov ntawv sau tag nrho hauv Asomtavruli tuaj yeem pom mus txog rau xyoo pua 11th.

Nuskhuri

Georgian tes sau tau zoo heev. Nuskhuri yog lub teb chaws thib ob variant. Lub npe ntawm cov tsiaj no los ntawm nuskha (ნუსხა), uas txhais tau hais tias "cov khoom muag" lossis "schedule". Nuskhuri tsis ntev tau ntxiv los ntawm Asomtavruli hauv cov ntawv sau kev ntseeg. Qhov kev sib xyaw no (Khutsuri) feem ntau yog siv hauv hagiography.

Nuskhuri thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th raws li cov duab nraaj ntawm Asomtavruli. Cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws tau pom nyob rau hauv pawg ntseeg ntawm Ateni Sioni. Nws rov qab mus rau 835 AD. Thiab qhov qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm Nuskhuri hnub rov qab mus rau 864 AD. e. Qhov kev sau no tau dhau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Asomtavruli txij li xyoo pua 10.

Mkhedruli

Nws nyuaj heev los teb cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cashu ua tsab ntawv Georgian, vim muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv niaj hnub no. Mkhedruli yog hom thib peb thiab tam sim no lub teb chaws. Tsab ntawv txhais tau tias "cavalry" lossis "tub rog". Muab los ntawm mkhedari (მხედარი) lub ntsiab lus "sib tw", "knight", "warrior", thiab "cavalier".

Mkhedruli yog bicameral, sau nrog cov tsiaj ntawv loj hu ua Mtavruli (მხედრული). Niaj hnub no, Mtavruli feem ntau siv rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem hauv kab ntawv lossis los qhia ib lo lus. Nws paub tias nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th centuries nws tau siv nyob rau hauv Latin thiab Cyrillic scripts, rau lub peev lub npe los yog thawj lo lus nyob rau hauv ib kab lus.

Mkhedruli thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv X xyoo pua. Tsab ntawv qub tshaj plaws hauv Georgian tau pom nyob rau hauv pawg ntseeg ntawm Ateni Sioni. Nws rov qab mus rau 982 AD. Cov ntawv thib ob thaum ub, sau hauv Mkhedruli style, tau pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th ntawm huab tais huab tais Bagrat IV ntawm Georgia. Xws li tsab ntawv tau siv tsuas yog tom qab ntawd hauv Georgia rau txhua yam ntawm tsoomfwv cov ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv sau. Ntawd yog, Mkhedruli tsuas yog siv rau cov hom phiaj tsis yog kev ntseeg thiab sawv cev rau pej xeem, vaj ntxwv thiab kev xaiv neeg ntiaj teb.

Tus qauv no tau dhau los ua tus tseem ceeb dua lwm tus, txawm hais tias Khutsuri (kev sib xyaw ntawm Nuskhuri nrog Asomtavruli) tau siv txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Mkhedruli tau dhau los ua kev sau ntawv thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Georgia sab nraum lub Koom Txoos tsuas yog lub sijhawm no. Nws tshwm sim nrog kev tsim thiab tsim cov ntawv luam tawm hauv tebchaws. Qhov peculiarities ntawm Georgian sau ntawv yog qhov xav tsis thoob.

Txoj kev kos npe

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Asomtavruli thiab Nuskhuri, ntau qhov sib txuas ntawm cov dots tau siv los ua cov lus cais thiab cais cov kab lus, kab lus thiab kab lus. Nyob rau hauv monumental inscriptions thiab manuscripts ntawm lub 5th - 10th centuries, lawv tau sau li no: (-,=) thiab (=-). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, Ephraim Mtsire qhia pawg ntawm ib (), ob (:), peb (჻) thiab rau (჻჻) dots (tom qab qee lub voj voog me me) los qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Ib daim paib txhais tau tias yog qhov chaw me me (xav tias qhov chaw yooj yim). Ob lub cim cim lossis cais cov lus tshwj xeeb. Peb lub ntsiab lus kom nres ntxiv. Rau lub cim yuav tsum qhia qhov kawg ntawm kab lus.

Reformation

Pib pib txij li xyoo pua 11th, cov cim zoo li lub apostrophe thiab lub cim cim pib tshwm. Thawj yog siv los qhia ib lo lus nug, tab sis qhov thib ob tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm kab lus exclamatory. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 12th, lawv tau hloov los ntawm semicolon (Greek lo lus nug cim). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, Patriarch Anton I ntawm Georgia tau hloov kho cov txheej txheem nrog ntau cov cim cim, xws li ib leeg thiab ob lub dots siv los qhia ua tiav, tsis tiav, thiab cov kab lus kawg. Niaj hnub no, cov lus Georgian siv cov cim cim tsuas yog siv thoob ntiaj teb siv cov tsiaj ntawv Latin.