Gothic yog ib lub sijhawm hauv kev txhim kho kev kos duab uas muaj nyob rau hauv Central, Western thiab ib feem nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Europe nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nws hloov lub Romanesque style, maj mam hloov nws. Gothic hais txog txhua yam haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd: painting, duab puab, frescoes, stained iav qhov rais, phau ntawv me me. Feem ntau qhov style no yog tus cwj pwm li "eerily majestic." Kab lus yuav tham txog cov duab puab ntawm Romanesque thiab Gothic styles.
kom nkag siab txog kev kos duab ntawm Gothic duab puab, nws yuav tsim nyog hais ob peb lo lus hais txog kev coj ua. Gothic keeb kwm nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Fabkis nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th nws kis mus rau cov cheeb tsam uas niaj hnub no xws li lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria, Czech koom pheej, Spain, thiab England nyob. Tom qab ntawd, nws nkag mus rau hauv Ltalis, thiab txawm tias tom qab - mus rau sab hnub tuaj Europe, tuav tawm mus txog rau xyoo pua 16.
Hauv qhov sib piv rau lub voj voog puag ncig, cov phab ntsa loj thiab cov qhov rais me me ntawm Romanesque style, arches nrog lub taw qhia koov yog qhov muaj nyob hauv Gothic style.sab saum toj, siab thiab nqaim yees, kab, facades dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntsiab lus carved, lancet, ntau xim qhov rais.
Lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus "Gothic"
Lo lus "Gothic" yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm keeb kwm txawv txawv thiab kev txhais lus. Interestingly, nws yeej tsis tau siv los ntawm contemporaries ntawm no style. Tej zaum lawv yuav xav tsis thoob thaum lawv paub tias cov vaj tse zoo nkauj heev, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov iav qhov rais thiab cov khoom dai, yuav raug hu ua ib lo lus uas zoo ib yam nrog lo lus "barbarian".
Thaum xub thawj, lo lus "Gothic" yog ib lo lus ntawm kev tsim txom, raws li nws tau txhais los ntawm cov neeg thuam hais txog kev tawm ntawm cov tswv yim classical thiab kev faib ua feem. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, nws denoted lub tsev nrog taw arches. Tsis zoo li kab rov tav style siv hauv Romanesque style, ntsug style tau siv ntawm no.
In Romanesque art
Txhawm rau nkag siab qhov peculiarities ntawm Gothic duab puab, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog Romanesque style los ntawm Gothic loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv Byzantine faj tim teb chaws, sculptures tau tsis lees paub los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, raws li nws yog txuam nrog paganism. Hauv Romanesque kab lis kev cai, monumental duab puab, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyem, yog dav. Qhov pib ntawm nws lub hnub qub hnub rov qab mus rau 1100.
Nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, monumental thiab zoo nkauj kos duab tau siv los ua ib lub cuab tam los hem cov neeg ntxeev siab. Majestic complexes ntawm Romanesque cathedrals tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv lub compositions ntawm cov tib neeg cov duab feem ntau tam sim no, ua si lub luag hauj lwm loj nyob rau hauv lawv. Cov ntawv sau no tau tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus dab neeg los ntawm Vaj Lug Kub thiab cov lus piv txwv.
Central look
Hauv Romanesque duab puab, nws yog Yexus Khetos. Nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag thiab tus cwj pwm, nws raug coj los ze zog rau Vajtswv Leej Txiv, uas raug suav hais tias yog tus txiav txim siab phem ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tshaj tawm txog kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg.
Christian lus dab neeg, zaj lus piv txwv, pom kev phem apocalyptic, cov duab ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Kawg thiab cov duab dab neeg los ntawm cov neeg ntseeg thaum ub, xws li daim npog ntsej muag los yog hauv daim ntawv freaks nrog kev thuam grimaces, feem ntau fancifully coexisted ntawm lub pob zeb. sculptural ntaub pua plag.
Tom ntej no yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm duab puab hauv Gothic cathedral.
Kev sib raug zoo nrog architecture
Cov duab puab Gothic ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tau txuas nrog kev sib txuas zoo li Romanesque. Cathedrals ntawm ob lub sij hawm towered thoob plaws lub nroog, denoting qhov tseem ceeb thiab zoo ntawm kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub neej.
Gothic sculptural style originates hauv Fabkis. Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no, cov pej thuam nyob rau ntawm lub portal ntawm lub Basilica nyob rau hauv Saint-Denis, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv Chartres Cathedral, yog xam tau tias yog thawj tej hauj lwm. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau nthuav dav thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe thiab tau nrov mus txog thaum pib ntawm Hnub Nyoog Tshiab, thaum Gothic tau hloov los ntawm kev kos duab ntawm Renaissance, taw qhia txog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm ancient sij hawm.
Thaum pib, cov duab puab Gothic ntawm Fabkis tau tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb thiab tib lub sijhawm tseem yog ib feem ntawm lawv. Tom qab ntawd ywj siab, cais cov pej thuam tsis muaj nyob. Txoj kev loj hlob qeeb ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua yas, tsom rau sculpting tus neeg cov duab nrog proportionally embodied lub cev qhov chaw, pib thaum kaj ntug ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th.
Lawv tau tus yam ntxwv los ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lusthiab ntau dhau. Yog hais tias cov duab puab ntawm Greeks xav txog cov tswv yim ntawm kev pom tseeb thiab kev yooj yim, ces cov Gothic tended ntawm complexity, grotesqueness, thiab elegance. Nws yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tswv yim thiab cov ntsiab lus uas muab lub tswv yim tias qhov no yog daim duab ua hauv qhov style no.
duab puab thiab kev cawmdim
Zoo li lub pov haum uas adorned cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov mlom tau dai kom zoo nkauj rau cov tsev tshiab. Gothic sculptures tau muab tso rau ntawm lub facades, pab tsim cov qauv ntawm cov qauv thiab lawv cov qauv, lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog portals, arches thiab buttresses. Nrog rau cov frescoes thiab lwm yam kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj, monumental sculptural tej hauj lwm tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, qhov rais thav duab, gables, sab nraum lub tsev thiab hauv nws sab hauv.
Lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau, ib yam li hauv Romanesque art, yog cov dab neeg hauv phau Vajlugkub thiab txoj moo zoo. Lub cev tsis tas yuav muab zais rau hauv cov khaub ncaws, thiab nws cov ntaub npog tau hais txog cov ntaub ntawv. Masters tau ua cov kev sim, sim muab lawv cov kev tsim ntau dua lub neej thiab kev txav mus los. Yog li, piv txwv li, crumpled los yog sib sib zog nqus folds, nyob rau ntawm lub hnav ris tsho ze ntawm lub mlom, hais txog lub impulsiveness ntawm txav, lawv sharpness thaum tig.
Gothic duab puab hauv Spain thiab Ltalis
Hauv Spain, nws tau taw qhia rau Fabkis thiab yog li ntawd muaj ntau yam zoo sib xws nrog nws. Hauv tebchaws Ltalis, lub tsev kawm ntawv Gothic ywj pheej ntawm kev kos duab yas tsim. Ntawm no, cov duab puab tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev daws teeb meem architectural.
Nws ua haujlwm ntau dua los tsim kho kom zoo nkauj li hauvsab hauv thiab hauv qhov chaw qhib. Cov pej thuam tau muab tso rau hauv cov chaw ua si thiab lub nroog squares. Cov hauj lwm uas koom nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv Italian tau tsawg dua thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev kos duab ntawm Byzantium thiab ntau thiab ntau ntxiv rau cov qauv qub.
In Germany
Tus kws tsim vaj tsev thiab sculptors, uas kawm nyob rau hauv Fabkis masters, feem ntau ua haujlwm nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Lawv nyiam txhim kho cov mlom hauv sab hauv. Cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab puab Germanic Gothic thaum ntxov yog lub npe hu ua Bamberg master. Nws cov duab puab muaj lub ntsej muag thiab lub cev muaj zog.
Tib lub sijhawm, lwm yam kev hloov pauv ntawm Gothic architecture muaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov sculptures uas adorned lub Strasbourg Cathedral muaj lub taub hau uas txawj ntse tshaj lawv lub cev. Lub ncov ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov duab puab ntawm Gothic lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th.
Cov ntsiab lus nrov tshaj plaws yog cov duab ntawm Yexus Khetos uas raug ntsia saum ntoo khaub lig lossis lwm yam cim, raug mob thiab raug tsim txom los ntawm kev txom nyem. Thaum lub sij hawm sib sau ua ke ntawm Gothic lub sij hawm, ib hom duab puab uas piav txog "zoo nkauj Madonna" tau dhau los ua ntau yam. Nov yog Virgin Mary tuav tus menyuam hauv nws txhais tes. Cov craftsmen tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev ua kom tiav cov khaub ncaws nplua nuj. Lawv piav txog Mary nws tus kheej thaum hluas, zoo nkauj, ntxim nyiam.
Nyob rau nruab nrab hnub nyoog
Cov duab puab Gothic ntawm lub sijhawm no yog ua raws li cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Nws tseem nyob ze nrog architecture thiab tsim raws li cov cai hais txogcov duab ntawm cov duab dawb ceev. Raws li kev kos duab ywj pheej, nws kuj tsis raug txiav txim siab.
Sculpture tau npaj tsis yog los kho cov tuam tsev thiab cov tuam tsev xwb, tab sis kuj tau ua haujlwm raws li cov khoom thauj khoom ntawm cov vaj tsev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Thiab tseem, nrog rau cov cim, nws yog ib qho khoom ntawm veneration.
Symbolics
Zoo li kev kos duab medieval feem ntau, thiab kos duab Gothic tshwj xeeb, nqa lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cim, ua ib hom kev cai. Nws suav nrog kev qhuas txog cov haujlwm uas tau ua hauv lub npe ntawm kev ntseeg los ntawm cov ntseeg ntseeg, thiab lwm yam hauv phau Vajlugkub lub ntsiab. Ntxiv nrog rau cov cim ntawm Phau Qub, Yexus, Virgin Mary thiab cov tubtxib, Gothic duab puab qhia txog vajntxwv, kav, ntau lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm kos duab, medieval txwv, detachment thiab zoo li qub twb pib rov qab. Nws muab txoj hauv kev rau dynamism, kev xav, tus kheej ntawm tus cwj pwm.
Tab sis cov kev hloov pauv no nyuam qhuav pib, thiab thaum lub sijhawm simplification thiab schematicity yuav hloov qhov tseeb thiab tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg uas muaj nyob rau hauv Renaissance, ob peb centuries yuav dhau mus. Kev hloov pauv tau ua rau kev txhais cov duab ntawm Tswv Yexus los ntawm Gothic duab puab. Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov, nws tau pom tias yog tus thawj coj thiab tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug. Tam sim no nws nce zuj zus los ua ib tug tswv yug yaj txawj ntse, tus cob qhia zoo thiab tus kws qhia ntawv. Nws cov yam ntxwv mos mos, thiab koj tuaj yeem pom qhov zoo li luag ntxhi rau nws.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov kev hloov pauv no tsis siv rau cov duab puab uas piav txog tus ntoo khaub lig. Cov kws sau ntawv sim lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws los qhiakev txom nyem ntawm Tswv Yexus saum tus ntoo khaub lig yog li vivid thiab muaj tseeb li sai tau. Cov tswv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau pom kev txaus siab rau lub ntiaj teb sab hauv ntawm lawv tus phab ej. Sculptors tab tom nrhiav lub sijhawm los qhia lub ntiaj teb sab hauv ntawm tus neeg, cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws tus cwj pwm. Lawv pom tus kheej ntawm lub ntsej muag ntsej muag, ua tiav qhov tseeb hauv daim duab ntawm poses, gestures, folds ntawm khaub ncaws.
Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo
Ntawm cov masterpieces ntawm Gothic style, Notre Dame Cathedral, nyob hauv plawv Paris, yuav tsum tau sau tseg. Sab saum toj ntawm ib qho ntawm nws lub façades yog ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm vaj ntxwv uas piav txog cov neeg Yudais cov thawj coj tau piav qhia hauv Phau Qub. Qhov no qhia txog qhov kev sib txuas tsis sib xws ntawm ob lub Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum. Tus neeg saib pom lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj ntsib nws. Lawv ci ntsa iab nrog kev ua siab zoo thiab zoo li saib cov neeg taug kev nrog luag nyav. Hauv cov ntsej muag no, xav tsis thoob tias lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, txhua tus duab puab muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.
Sculptures uas dai lub thaj neeb nrog cov relics ntawm Magi kuj nthuav. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Cologne Cathedral, nyob rau hauv lub thaj. Txhua daim duab yog tus kheej thiab ua nrog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb.
Lub portals ntawm Chartres Cathedral tso cai rau koj los ze zog nrog Gothic duab puab. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab ntawm Phau Qub cov cim, cov duab ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Kawg, Yexus Khetos thiab Nkauj xwb. Txhua qhov haujlwm tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntsiab lus thiab ua tiav.
Reims Cathedral yog qee zaum hu ua thaj av ntawm gothic style duab puab. Nws muaj ntau pua tus mlom thiab ntau txhiabnyem. Cov masters uas tsim lub tsev teev ntuj tau nqis peev ntau heev thiab cov ntsiab lus sab hauv hauv kev tsim cov duab puab uas architectural kev zoo nkauj raug tshem tawm mus rau keeb kwm yav dhau. Tus pej thuam ntawm "Smiling Angel" ntawm no cia cov neeg tuaj xyuas.
Nyob hauv Magdeburg Cathedral, ib pawg sculptural hu ua "Foolish Virgins" yuav tsum tau sau tseg tshwj xeeb. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tiag tiag yam thiab yog tag nrho ntawm lub siab lub ntsws ua yeeb yam. Nws kuj tsim ib txoj haujlwm ywj pheej, nyiam cov pej xeem nyiam.
