Monumental duab puab: txhais. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws classical thiab niaj hnub monuments ntawm monumental duab puab

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:52

Monumental sculpture yog qhov txawv ntawm lwm hom kev kos duab. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias nws embodies tsis tau tsuas yog tus sau lub hom phiaj, tab sis kuj yog ib tug zoo keeb kwm lub sij hawm los yog ib tug tag nrho-fledged lub sij hawm. Raws li txoj cai, xws li monuments raug tsa ncaj qha qhov twg ntau yam kev nqis tes ua, uas, qhov tseeb, lawv tau mob siab rau.

Thaum saib cov duab puab monumental, tus saib yuav tsum tau taug kev. Qhov tseeb yog tias, tsis zoo li paintings, pej thuam thiab monuments zoo li muaj tiag. Raws li, koj yuav tsum tau paub txog daim duab no los ntawm txhua qhov kev pom.

Definition

Tam sim no, muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab puab. Firstly, nws yog ib tug monument, ib tug stele, ib tug obelisk los yog lwm yam uas tau tsa rau ib lub hom phiaj - kom hwm lub cim xeeb ntawm ib tug neeg uas tau ua ntau yam zoo rau ib lub nroog los yog lub teb chaws.

Thib ob, qhov no yog ib qho duab puab rau cov xwm txheej keeb kwm. Feem ntau nws yog tsim thaum kawg ntawm kev tsov kev rog. Muaj xwm txheejthaum monuments raug tsa nyob rau hauv lub hnub tseem ceeb ntawm ib lub nroog.

Nyob hauv lub neej niaj hnub, cov duab puab monumental yog txhua tus pej thuam uas muaj qhov loj me. Tab sis qhov kev txhais no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua kev tshawb fawb, txawm tias nws muaj.

Qhov tseeb, monumental sculpture yog ib qho haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab rau cov xwm txheej keeb kwm. Nws tseem tuaj yeem tsim tsa hauv kev hwm ntawm tus kheej zoo. Nws cov yam ntxwv nta yog nws qhov loj me thiab kev sib haum xeeb nrog cov qauv ntawm ib puag ncig.

Cov neeg tuaj saib coob yog suav tias yog cov neeg tuaj saib lub hom phiaj. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias tsuas yog sculptures nrog ib daim duab tuaj yeem yog monuments, tuaj yeem muaj ntau dua. Qee lub sij hawm tag nrho cov sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua tau tsim nrog ntau tus kheej, riam phom, thiab lwm yam.

Keeb kwm ntawm monumental duab puab

Nyob hauv tebchaws Russia, nrog rau thoob plaws ntiaj teb, kev kos duab ntawm cov duab puab tau ua tiav rau ntau pua xyoo. Ua ntej, ntoo tau siv los ua khoom siv, tom qab ntawd pob zeb. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, thawj txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug monumental xwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Kyiv. Nov yog qhov kev pab ntawm Peb Poj Niam Hodegetria.

Txawm li cas los xij, ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias monumental thiab zoo nkauj duab puab tiag tiag tuaj hauv Kyiv. Qhov tseeb yog tias Slavic masters kawm nrog txawj ntse Byzantine sculptors. Thiab hauv Byzantium, hom lus nug tau nrov heev.

thawj hom duab puab tsis tau mob siab rau tib neeg keeb kwm txhua. Lawv qhia txog kev tsov kev rog ntawm cov vajtswv, cov patrons ntawm lub nrooglos yog yug menyuam thiab lwm yam. Thiab tsuas yog ob peb centuries tom qab ntawd muaj ib tug kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm kos duab. Thawj cov monuments tshwm sim, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov uas lawv npaj yuav perpetuate ib tug neeg uas muaj tiag tiag thiab ua tej yam tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Monumental sculpture production technology

Ua ntej lub monumental sculpture yuav raug ntsia rau hauv qhov chaw faib rau nws, muaj ntau yam yuav tsum tau ua. Muaj ntau ntau txoj kev tsim khoom, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws. Cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv 7 theem:

1. Creating a sketch on paper.
2. Tsim cov duab kos duab, uas yuav piav txog cov duab puab yav tom ntej los ntawm ntau sab ntawm qhov pom.
3. Tsim tus qauv me me ntawm cov khoom muag. Raws li txoj cai, plasticine yog siv rau qhov no. Yav tag los yeej tsis muaj peev xwm los ua ib daim ntawv me me li es cov sculptures thiaj li ua tau "rau profit"
4. Tsim tus qauv ua haujlwm uas tus sau suav txhua qhov sib npaug, nqes mus rau cov ntsiab lus me tshaj.
5. Xaiv cov proportions hauv ib qho kev tswj hwm ib leeg. Feem ntau cov duab kos tau ua dua, tab sis twb tau suav nrog kev ua tiav lawm.
6. Pib nrog cov khoom siv. Tus sculptor tsim nws lub neej yav tom ntej tsim los ntawm centimeter.
7. kawg txav tau, cov ntsiab lus me me raug kho, xws li plaub hau, qhov muag, kaum ntawm daim di ncauj, thiab lwm yam.

Yog li, nws tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau xyoo lossis ntau xyoo los tsim ib tus mlom me me. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum xav txog ntau cov ntsiab lus txhawm rau tsimmasterpiece.

khoom siv

Monumental sculpture tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Ib tug neeg txawj ntse tiag tiag siv tau txhua yam uas nyob ntawm tes. Tab sis cov khoom siv raw hauv qab no feem ntau siv:

• Ntuj pob zeb - marble lossis granite. Thawj tso cai rau koj los ua cov kab softer thiab nta, tab sis nws tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv ya raws. Yog li ntawd, rau kev nthuav tawm cov pej thuam ntawm txoj kev, granite yog siv ntau dua. Cov khoom yog carved los ntawm cov blocks loj.
• Pob zeb Artificial - sib xyaw. Cov khoom no yog poured rau hauv pwm. Tom qab cov duab puab dries, nws ua kiag li npaj txhij. Nyob rau hauv tsos, cov khoom txawv me ntsis ntawm marble los yog granite, tab sis yog pheej yig dua.
• Hlau - tooj liab, tooj dag lossis tooj liab. Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm zoo ib yam li yav dhau los version. Cov hlau kub yog nchuav rau hauv pwm, tom qab ntawd tso cai kom qhuav.
• Gypsum. Cov khoom no yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws rau sculptors. Ua ntej, cov hmoov yog tov nrog dej, ces lub resulting sib tov yog poured rau hauv pwm. Cov txheej txheem ziab yog nrawm, hauv ib nrab teev xwb.
• Teeb. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, sculptures yuav carved los ntawm ib daim, los yog tsim nyob rau hauv nyias qhov chaw.

Kev xaiv cov khoom yog tsom rau qhov kev ntshaw ntawm tus kws kos duab, tsuas yog qee zaus nws raug xaiv raws li cov neeg siv khoom ntawm cov khoom.

Nyob ntawm monumental sculptures

Monumental sculpture yog qhov kawg ntawm nws ntau haiv neeg. Muaj ntau qhov piv txwv tuaj yeem muab tau uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog daim duab no. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau hom uasKev faib tawm ntawm cov qauv monumental:

• Memorial. Nov yog daim duab puab uas tus tsim sim ua kom tsis txawj tuag ib tug neeg.
• Monument. Nov yog ib lub monument uas tau mob siab rau cov xwm txheej keeb kwm lossis cov duab.
• Puab yog ib tug monument rau ib tug neeg.
• Stela yog daim ntawv ntsug uas muaj ntawv sau lossis kos duab kos duab.
• Obelisk yog ib tug ncej uas muaj 4 lub ntsej muag uas taw tes rau saum.
• Monumental thiab hniav duab puab. Nws ua ob txoj haujlwm ib zaug. Ua ntej, nws ua kev nco txog ib qho xwm txheej lossis tib neeg. Thiab qhov thib ob, nws tau ua tiav hauv txoj hauv kev kom haum ib puag ncig, sib haum xeeb nrog nws, uas yog, kho kom zoo nkauj.
• Triumphal kab, arches lossis rooj vag. Cov no yog cov qauv uas tau ua los ntawm kev muaj yeej ntawm ib tus neeg, tshem tawm kev tsim txom, thiab lwm yam.

Nws yog qhov ua tau heev uas nyob rau niaj hnub nim no yuav muaj cov kws kos duab txawj ntse uas yuav ntxiv hom ntxiv rau kev faib tawm dav dav. Yog li, daim ntawv teev npe tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ua tiav tsuas yog tam sim no, nws qhov peev xwm ntxiv tsis tuaj yeem raug tsis lees paub.

Examples

Monumental sculpture yog heev muaj nyob rau hauv txhua lub teb chaws. Piv txwv tuaj yeem muab tsis tau tas li. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias txhua lub xeev muaj nws keeb kwm, nws lub sijhawm tseem ceeb, nws cov neeg zoo. Thiab txhawm rau kom dhau txoj kev paub rau cov tiam tom ntej, monuments thiab obelisks, cov mlom thiab monuments, steles thiab memorials raug tsim tsa.

Raws li cov piv txwv Lavxias, xav txogmonument rau Peter 1, nyob rau hauv St. Tus sculptor zoo Falcone ua haujlwm rau yuav luag 15 xyoo.

Koj yuav tsum tau saib xyuas ntawm Alexandrian kem. Nws mob siab rau kev yeej ntawm Napoleon, tab sis Alexander kuv tsis kam tsim nws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus huab tais tau txiav txim siab tias nws yog txoj cai los txuas ntxiv lub sijhawm tseem ceeb no rau Russia.

Los ntawm txawv teb chaws monumental sculptures, koj tuaj yeem xav txog tus pej thuam ntawm Marcus Aurelius, nyob hauv Rome. Nws khaws cia rau hnub no yuav tsum suav tias yog kev vam meej. Thaum tag nrho cov mlom ntawm Mark tau yaj, lub monument no tau suav hais tias yog ib tug pej thuam ntawm ib tug neeg txawv kiag li. Yog li ntawd, hnub no koj tuaj yeem saib nws, tom qab kho nws zoo li tshiab.

Ntxhais Ntxoov Yias

Txhawm rau ua kom tiav lub monument rau Peter 1, Falcone tau raug caw tuaj rau Russia los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Empress Catherine II. Tus sculptor thaum ntawd twb laus lawm (50 xyoo) rau kev ua hauj lwm loj, nyob rau Fabkis tsis muaj rau nws. Nws tus kheej, ua tiav cov lus txib ntawm lub Hoobkas ua haujlwm, tseem ua npau suav ntawm ib qhov project loj. Thiab thaum qhov caw tuaj, nws tsis tas yuav xav. Nws tuaj rau Russia sai li sai tau.

Falconet tau ua haujlwm tau 12 xyoos. Tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav cov duab puab ua tiav ntawm nws tus kheej lossis tsuas yog tsis xav ua. Lub taub hau ntawm lub monument raug coj los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, uas tuaj nrog nws. Tus kws kos duab Lavxias ua tus nab hauv qab tus nees ko taw.

Vim tias qhov project loj heev, cov kws ua haujlwmtsis pom zoo rau qhov casting. Thiab tsis muaj lub sijhawm nyiaj txiag los tiv tauj cov neeg txawv tebchaws. Tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tig mus rau Khailov, uas tau pom zoo qhia Falcone, los pab nws xaiv cov qauv thiab kev faib ua feem.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias tus sculptor tau txais tus nqi me me, tab sis nrog kev pab los ntawm Bronze Horseman nws tswj kom tsis txawj tuag tsis yog tsuas yog Lavxias teb sab huab tais, tab sis kuj nws tus kheej. Niaj hnub no, txhua tus tuaj yeem paub txog cov duab puab, nws muaj rau pej xeem hauv St.

Tus pej thuam Marcus Aurelius

Muaj cov duab puab uas muaj ntau pua xyoo. Qee tus ntawm lawv tsuas yog paub los ntawm kev sau ntawv lossis kev puas tsuaj. Tab sis ib tug tseem muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Qhov no yog tus pej thuam ntawm Marcus Aurelius hauv Rome.

Feem ntau, muaj ntau tus mlom zoo sib xws hauv lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, lawv txhua tus tau yaj mus rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv tooj liab. Daim duab equestrian ntawm Marcus Aurelius tau khaws cia tsuas yog ua tsaug rau qhov yuam kev. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws tsis meej pem nrog tus pej thuam ntawm Emperor Constantine the Great.

Thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance, lub monument tau ua tus qauv. Ntau tus sculptors, nrog rau cov txawj ntse thiab txawm ci ntsa iab Donatello, tig los rau nws, coj los ntawm nws.

Alexander Column

Alexander Kem tau tshwm sim hauv qhov project tam sim ntawd tom qab yeej Napoleon. Txawm li cas los xij, tus huab tais tsis txhawb nqa lub tswv yim, vim nws yog tus coj tus kheej, thiab daim ntawv ua tsaug rau kev hwm ntawm Alexander kuv tsis haum rau nws. Ua haujlwm ntawm obelisk tau nres.

Tom qab ntawd, thaum Carl Rossi pib tsim lub Tsev Neeg Ua Haujlwm, nws tau kho cov qauv tsim kom haum rau Alexander Kem. Yog li ntawd, hauvXyoo 1829, Nicholas kuv tsis muaj kev xaiv tab sis lees txais qhov project. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tau tso siab rau nws txoj kev loj hlob tsis yog Rossi, tab sis rau Montferrand.

Alexander Kem yog ua los ntawm liab granite. Nws sab saum toj yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug tim tswv. Nws yog pawg triumphal siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhov txawv feature yog tias tsis muaj lub hauv paus lossis pawg txhawb nqa hauv qab nws. Nws tsuas yog tuav ua ke los ntawm kev ua tib zoo xam.

Admir alty Building

Lub tsev ntawm Admir alty hauv St. Petersburg tau ua raws li cov duab kos ntawm Peter I. Nws txoj kev tsim kho pib xyoo 1704. Tom qab 7 xyoo, ib tug pej thuam tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub façade ntawm lub tsev, lub spire ntawm uas yog decorated nrog ib tug me me nkoj.

Lub tsev Admir alty hauv St. Petersburg yog ib lub tsev loj hauv nroog. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias peb txoj kev loj sib tshuam nrog nws. Lub ntsiab facade yog 407 meters ntev. Nyob ze muaj ib tug sculptural kho kom zoo nkauj, uas muaj ob peb pej thuam thiab kab.

Zoo kawg

Ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, monumental sculpture occupies ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev kos duab. Cov duab ntawm ntau yam triumphal sculptures, pej thuam lossis monuments adorn nplooj ntawv ntawm ntau phau ntawv keeb kwm. Qee cov duab puab tau khaws cia rau hauv cov khoom ntiag tug, tab sis txawm tias lawv tau tshwm sim hauv cov rooj sib tham ib ntus. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, tag nrho cov monuments nyob ntawm txoj kev hauv nroog, thiab txhua tus tuaj yeem pom lawv dawb.