Raws li koj paub, Alessandro Volta tau tsim thawj lub roj teeb hluav taws xob hauv xyoo 1800. Xya xyoo tom qab ntawd, thawj cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob tau tshwm sim, thiab qhov xwm txheej no tau hloov pauv lub neej ntawm noob neej mus ib txhis. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv yog technically imperfect thiab sai sai muab txoj kev mus rau ntau npaum li cas noj. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob kuj tseem muaj centenarians. Piv txwv li, Volkhovskaya HPP, uas tseem ua hauj lwm niaj hnub no, yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj tsim nyob rau hauv lub Soviet tsoom fwv. Nws tau lees paub tias yog ib qho chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov chaw muaj kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam Leningrad.
Volkhov
Russia yog lub tebchaws uas muaj dej ntws puv, yog li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, ntau tus neeg tsim khoom tau pib tsim cov haujlwm los siv nws cov peev txheej hydropower. Volkhov River tsis tau tso tseg yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm peb lub teb chaws, txij li thaum nws yog tib tug ntws los ntawm Lake Ilmen. Thiab qhov no tsis yog nws qhov kawg feature, txij li thaum Volkhov muaj peev xwm hloov cov kev taw qhia. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum cov dej theem ntawm Ilmeni qis thiab vim yog cov dej rov qab.
Volkhovskaya HPP: keeb kwm project
Idea buildingHydroelectric fais fab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Volkhov River tau xub muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm engineer G. O. Graftio nyob rau hauv 1902. Kaum ob xyoos tom qab, nws hloov kho nws, coj mus rau hauv tus account lub zoo li muaj zog turbines, thiab xa mus rau tsoom fwv ntawm tsarist Russia rau kev txiav txim. Lub phiaj xwm tsis ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntau ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab pw, raws li lawv hais, hauv qab daim ntaub. Xyoo 1917, tus kws tshaj lij tau tswj hwm kom txaus siab rau tsoomfwv ib ntus hauv nws lub hlwb, uas tso cai rau kev npaj ua haujlwm rau kev tsim kho lub chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob tshiab. Lawv kav ntev li ob peb lub hlis thiab raug ncua vim muaj kev hloov pauv thiab cov xwm txheej tom ntej uas ua rau lub teb chaws kev lag luam poob. Qhov thib ob sim pib tsim lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab ntawm tus dej Volkhov tau ua nrog kev pab los ntawm V. I. Lenin hauv xyoo 1918, tab sis tsis ntev nws raug tso tseg. Thiab tsuas yog xyoo 1921 HPP no tau suav nrog hauv GOELRO txoj kev npaj.
Volkhovskaya HPP sai sai no yuav ua kev zoo siab rau nws 95th hnub tseem ceeb. Nws yog ntau xyoo dhau los uas tsoomfwv Soviet tau txais kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tsim kho. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv uas tau txais los ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm All-Lavxias teb sab Central Executive Committee ntawm RSFSR ntawm lub yim Convocation, nws tau qhia tias qhov chaw no yuav pab daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm lub hwj chim mov rau Petrograd thiab xaus rau lub protracted roj ntsoog.. Tsis tas li ntawd, xyoo 1922, tsoomfwv ntawm RSFSR tau qhia cov tub ceev xwm kom muab tag nrho cov kev pab cuam rau Volkhovstroy. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub heroic dag zog ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm, twb nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1926, lub lag luam ntawm lub rooj vag ntawm lub tshiab hydroelectric fais fab chaw nres tsheb pib, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus qhib los ntawm shipping nyob rau hauv Volkhov River. Thaum tsim lub reservoir, 10,000 hectares ntawm liaj teb raug dej nyab.
keeb kwm kev ua haujlwm
Qhov qhib loj ntawm Volkhov hydroelectric fais fab chaw nres tsheb tau tshwm sim thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1926. Tom qab ntawd peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm, thiab qhov seem tau qhib rau 12 lub hlis tom ntej. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Volkhovskaya HPP muaj peev xwm ntawm 58 MW. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, nws tau maj mam nce, thiab thaum pib ntawm lub 40s nws muaj nqis mus rau 66 MW.
Thaum mus txog qhov chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob hluav taws xob ntawm txoj kab pem hauv ntej hauv plaub caug xyoo, cov khoom siv ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob Volkhovskaya tau raug tshem tawm thiab tshem tawm. Hmoov zoo, cov Nazis tsis tuaj yeem ntes qhov chaw tseem ceeb no, thiab thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1942, thaum qhov xwm txheej tau ruaj khov, peb lub tshuab hydraulic tau rov ua dua thiab muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib lub cable tau muab tso rau hauv qab ntawm Lake Ladoga, thiab txij li lub sijhawm ntawd mus, Volkhov hydroelectric fais fab chaw nres tsheb (yuav luag tsis muaj duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd) tau pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub zog ntawm lub zog ntawm Leningrad. Ua ke nrog qhov no, kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav los nqa lub peev xwm ntawm qhov chaw no mus rau qib ua ntej kev ua tsov ua rog, uas tau ua tiav thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1944, thiab tag nrho cov kev kho dua tshiab ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob tau ua tiav hauv xyoo 1945.
Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej no, Volkhov hydroelectric fais fab chaw nres tsheb ua haujlwm zoo, thiab hauv 1966 nws pab neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig Order of Red Banner of Labor rau kev ua haujlwm muaj tswv yim.
Refitting
Nruab nrab xyoo 1993 thiab 1996, Volkhov hydroelectric fais fab chaw nres tsheb, uas nws cov duab muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm nws cov architectural tsos, yog modernized. Tshwj xeeb, peb lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau hloov nrog lub zog muaj zog, 12 MW txhua. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau npaj los hloov qhov seem ntawm cov turbines, tab sis vim tsis muaj nyiaj, cov txheej txheem no tau qeeb heev. Raws li nws yuav, thaum kawg ntawm 2007, ib daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe los hloov thawj chav dej ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb, uas tau nqa tawm tsuas yog ob xyoos tom qab ntawd. Tam sim no, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm Volkhovskaya HPP tseem tsis tiav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws xav tias tom qab hloov tag nrho cov chav dej hydroelectric, nws lub peev xwm yuav nce mus rau 98 MW.
HPP hnub no
Volkhovskaya chaw nres tsheb fais fab fais fab yog ib qho ntawm cov hluav taws xob qis qis-ntawm-dej fais fab nroj tsuag. Nws cov chaw suav nrog:
- 212 meters ntev pob zeb spillway dam;
- hydroelectric tsev;
- khoom siv ntses;
- single-chamber shipping lock;
- dej qhov hluav taws xob;
- phab ntsa dej khov 256 meters ntev.
Qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo hluav taws xob tsim ntawm Volkhov fais fab nroj tsuag yog 347 lab kWh. Lub HPP lub tsev muaj kaum radial-axial hydraulic units ua haujlwm ntawm qhov siab ntawm 11 meters. Lub siab cov qauv ntawm lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab fais fab hauv Volkhov reservoir. Nws cheeb tsam yog 2.02 sq. km, thiab lub peev xwm muaj txiaj ntsig yog 24.36 lab cubic meters.
Tours
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, Volkhovskaya HPP yog qhov chaw nthuav dav ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, yog li muaj ntau tus neeg uas xav mus xyuas qhov chaw no thiab paub txog nws cov qauv tsim. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, koj yuav tsum sau npe ua ntej rau lub koom haumpab pawg ncig xyuas, uas yog ua tau tsuas yog thaum nthuav qhia daim ntawv hla tebchaws. Cov kev pab cuam ntawm xws li ib tug mus txawv tebchaws nrog ib tug qhia muaj xws li taug kev nyob rau hauv lub hydroelectric dam, mus rau lub tsev cia puav pheej-chav tsev Heinrich Osipovich Graftio thiab lub tshuab chav tsev, raws li zoo raws li ib tug paub txog keeb kwm ntawm lub creation ntawm lub pas dej ua ke. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yog hais tias koj muaj ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm Volkhov nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm koj, ces saib ze, koj yuav pom tau hais tias muaj ntau yam nthuav sights nyob ze ntawm lub pas dej ua ke. Tshwj xeeb, yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem mus xyuas Lub Nroog Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm Michael tus Archangel.
Volkhovskaya HPP on the map
Koj tuaj yeem mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm tsheb ciav hlau, uas tawm ntawm Moscow railway chaw nres tsheb mus rau Volkhovstroy railway chaw nres tsheb, lossis los ntawm tsheb raws txoj kev Kola. Daim ntawv qhia Volkhov hauv qab no yuav pab koj nrhiav tau lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab, uas koj yuav tsum nrhiav qhov chaw nyob: Graftio txoj kev, tsev 1.
Tam sim no koj paub tias Volkhovskaya HPP nto moo rau dab tsi, lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub tsev no tau ua haujlwm li cas hauv kev txhawb nqa lub neej ntawm Leningrad, thiab yav tom ntej tuav rau nws.
