Txoj siv dav dav tau pib tsim txog 10 billion xyoo dhau los nyob rau lub sijhawm kawg ntawm Proterozoic era. Lawv thav duab thiab cais cov txheej txheem qub qub uas muaj Precambrian hauv qab daus. Cov qauv no nthuav dav dav thiab dav - ntau dua ib txhiab mais.
kev txhais lus
Folded (tsiv) txoj siv sia yog cov qauv tectonic ntawm lithosphere uas cais cov txheej txheem qub ntawm ib leeg. Cov hlua khi ntawm tes yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab tectonic, tsim cov sedimentary thiab magmatic accumulations. Lwm lub npe yog geosynclinal txoj siv sia.
Txoj siv lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntiaj teb
Muaj tsib txoj siv sia thoob ntiaj teb:
- Pacific lossis Circum-Pacific. Ncej kev nyuaj siab ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific, sib sau ua ke daim phiaj ntawm Australia, ob qho tib si Americas, Asia, Antarctica. Qhov sib npaug ntawm txoj siv yau tshaj plaws, tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nce seismic thiab volcanic kev ua si.
- Ural-Mongolian fold siv. Stretches los ntawm Urals mus rau lub hiav txwv Pacific mus txogCentral Asia. Occupies ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Nws tseem hu ua Ural-Okhotsk.
- North Atlantic txoj siv. Nws cais North American thiab East European platforms. Muab faib los ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Atlantic thiab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm North America thiab sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Europe.
- Arctic quav siv.
- Mediterranean - ib qho ntawm cov hlua khi tseem ceeb. Pib hauv Caribbean, zoo li North Atlantic, nws tau faib los ntawm Atlantic thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau sab qab teb thiab Mediterranean lub teb chaws Europe, Northwest Africa, Asia Minor thiab Caucasus. Los ntawm lub npe ntawm lub roob systems suav nrog hauv nws, nws yog lub npe hu ua Alpine-Himalayan fold siv.
Ntxiv rau lub ntiaj teb geosynclines, muaj ob lub xov tooj me me uas ua tiav lawv qhov tsim nyob rau hauv Baikal Proterozoic era. Ib tug ntawm lawv ntes Arabia thiab East Africa, lwm qhov - sab hnub poob ntawm Africa thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm South America. Lawv cov contours yog qhov muag plooj thiab tsis txhais tau zoo.
Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm
Qhov ntau yam hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov cheeb tsam no yog tias lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas dej hiav txwv thaum ub siv los ua. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm kev rov ua dua rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov dej hiav txwv lithosphere, lossis ophiolites. Kev pib thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv xov tooj ntawm tes yog lub sijhawm ntev thiab nyuaj. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm Proterozoic lig, dej hiav txwv bass tau yug los, volcanic thiab non-volcanic arcs ntawm Islands tuaj, thiab continental daim hlau sib tsoo nrog ib leeg.
Main geologicalCov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov pob zeb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Baikal era ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Precambrian lub sij hawm, Caledonian era thaum kawg ntawm Silurian, lub Hercynian nyob rau hauv lub Paleozoic era, lub Cimmerian thaum kawg ntawm lub Jurassic lub sij hawm - pib ntawm Lub Cretaceous, lub Alpine era nyob rau hauv lub Oligocene lub sij hawm. Txhua txoj hlua khi tau ntsib ntau dua ib lub voj voog ua tiav hauv lawv txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm dej hiav txwv kom tiav.
Kev txhim kho theem
Lub voj voog kev loj hlob suav nrog ntau theem ntawm kev txhim kho: pib, pib theem, kev loj hlob, theem tseem ceeb - kev tsim ntawm roob toj siab lossis orogeny. Nyob rau theem kawg ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, sprawling tshwm sim, txiav tawm roob peaks, thiab txo qis hauv seismic thiab volcanic kev ua si. Lub siab ncov siab muab txoj hauv kev rau lub platform so kom yooj yim dua.
Qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv lub ntsiab folds ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshwm sim raws qhov ntev ntawm lawv qhov chaw.
keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm geosynclinal txoj siv sia thiab thaj chaw los ntawm kev tsim, rifting mus rau qhov kawg thiab relict theem, tau systematized thiab muab faib ua 6 lub voj voog los ntawm Geographer Wilson. Cov tswv yim, uas suav nrog rau theem tseem ceeb, muaj npe tom qab nws - "Wilson cycle".
Cov menyuam yaus thiab qub quav hnav
Rau txoj siv Arctic, kev txhim kho thiab kev hloov pauv tau xaus nrog Cimmerian era. Lub North Atlantic ua tiav nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv Caledonian era, feem ntau ntawm Ural-Mongolian fold siv - nyob rau hauv lub Hercynian.
Lub Pacific thiab Mediterranean geosynclines yog cov tub ntxhais hluas siv txoj siv sia;lub sijhawm tam sim no. Cov qauv no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov roob siab thiab ntse peaks, roob toj siab raws cov folds ntawm struts, tseem ceeb fragmentation ntawm lub nyem, thiab ntau seismically active cheeb tsam.
Nyob ntawm txoj siv sia
Lub Pacific fold siv yog tib qho ntawm txhua yam uas muaj nyob rau hauv hom continental marginal lug. Nws lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog txuam nrog subduction ntawm lithospheric daim hlau ntawm dej hiav txwv crust nyob rau hauv lub continents. Cov txheej txheem no tsis tiav, yog li txoj siv sia no tseem hu ua subduction belt.
Plaub lwm qhov chaw geosynclines yog cov siv sib txuas sib txuas uas tau tshwm sim hloov cov dej hiav txwv theem nrab, uas tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub teb chaws loj ntawm Pangea. Thaum muaj kev sib tsoo (kev sib tsoo) ntawm cov teb chaws uas txwv cov kev siv xov tooj ntawm tes, thiab kev nqus dej ntawm cov dej hiav txwv ua tiav, cov txheej txheem intercontinental nres lawv txoj kev loj hlob. Vim li ntawd lawv thiaj hu ua kev sib tsoo.
Internal structure
Folded txoj siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog mosaic ntawm fragments ntawm ntau yam pob zeb, continents thiab seabed. Lub xub ntiag ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov blocks nrog qhov ntev ntawm ntau kilometers, muaj xws li qhov chaw ntawm Pangea los yog continental fragments ntawm ancient Precambrian crust, muab lub hauv paus rau qhov txawv ntawm ib tug neeg folded massifs, roob cheeb tsam los yog tag nrho continents. Xws li folded massifs, piv txwv li, yog lub roob ntawm lub Urals, Tien Shan, thiab lub Greater Caucasus. Qee lub sij hawm keeb kwm los yog kev pab cuam yog lub hauv paus rau kev koom tesarrays rau hauv tag nrho cov folded cheeb tsam. Piv txwv ntawm cov chaw xws li hauv Alpine-Himalayan folded siv yog Carpatho-Balkan, nyob rau hauv lub Ural-Yav zoov - East Kazakhstan.
Txoj kev deflections
Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov tectonic folded lug ntawm ciam teb ntawm platforms thiab mobile cheeb tsam, advanced los yog foothill troughs yog tsim (Ural, Ciscaucasian, Ciscarpathian marginal troughs). Deflections tsis yog ib txwm ua ke nrog cov siv tawv txav tau. Nws tshwm sim tias cov qauv txawb ncaj qha ncav cuag ntau mais tob rau hauv lub platform, piv txwv li qhov no yog Northern Apaches. Qee lub sij hawm qhov tsis tuaj ntawm ko taw trough tej zaum yuav yog vim qhov tseeb tias lub hauv paus ntawm lub platform uas nyob ib sab muaj kev hloov pauv (Mineralovodskoe hauv Caucasus). Nyob ntawm txoj kev sib txuas ntawm cov platforms nrog cov khoom siv txav tau, ob hom kev sib txuas yog qhov txawv: raws li cov deflections pem hauv ntej thiab raws cov seams lossis shields. Cov kev nyuaj siab yog sau nrog ib tug tuab ntawm marine, lagoonal thiab continental pob zeb. Nyob ntawm cov qauv sau, qee cov zaub mov tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev nyuaj siab foothill:
- Marine continental terrigenous pob zeb.
- Coal-bearing khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg (coal, sandstone, mudstone).
- Halogen formations (s alts).
- Barrier reefs (roj, roj, limestone).
Miogeosynclinal zones
Tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm ntug ntawm cov chaw sab av loj. Lub crust ntawm lub platforms plunges nyob rau hauv cov kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab complex ntawm lub sab nrauv cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab topography, cov cheeb tsam sab nrauv yog uniform. Lub sedimentary complex ntawm miogeosynclinal cheeb tsam tau txais ib tug descending scaly qauv, nrog cais overthrusts, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw mus txog ob peb kilometers. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb, muaj cais thrusts ntawm qhov kev taw qhia rov qab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim duab peb sab folds. Nyob rau hauv qhov tob, xws li folds yog qhia los ntawm kev txiav overthrusts. Lub complex ntawm cov cheeb tsam sab nrauv yog feem ntau torn los ntawm lub hauv paus thiab tsiv mus txog kaum kilometers nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub ntsiab platform. Cov qauv ntawm thaj chaw miogeosynclinal yog cov xuab zeb-clayey, clayey-carbonate lossis marine pob zeb deposits uas tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov theem ntawm pob zeb formations.
Eugeosynclinal zones
Cov no yog thaj chaw sab hauv ntawm cov kab hauv roob, uas, tsis zoo li cov cheeb tsam sab nrauv, yog cov cim los ntawm cov tee me me nrog cov cim siab tshaj plaws. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov cheeb tsam no yog tectonic ophiolite npog, uas tuaj yeem nyob ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary ntawm thaj chaw sab nrauv lossis ncaj qha rau ntawm lawv hauv qab daus yog tias muaj thrusting ntawm tectonic daim hlau. Ntxiv nrog rau opheoliths, cov cheeb tsam sab hauv yog cov tawg ntawm fore-arc, back-arc, thiab inter-arc kev nyuaj siab uas tau dhau los ua metamorphosis nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv reef tsis yog qhov txawv.
roob tsim li cas?
roob toj roob hauv pes muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau txoj hlua khi. Lub roob xws li Pamirs, Himalayas, Caucasus, uas yog ib feem ntawm Mediterranean mobile siv, txuas ntxiv mus rau lub sijhawm tam sim no. Cov txheej txheem tectonic nyuaj tau nrog rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no los ntawm ntau qhov xwm txheej seismic. Kev tsim ntawm roob pib nrog kev sib tsoo ntawm cov platforms, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov deflections ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust yog tsim. Magma tshwm sim los ntawm tectonic faults tsim volcanoes thiab lava outlets rau saum npoo. Maj mam, cov troughs tau ntim nrog dej hiav txwv, uas muaj ntau yam kab mob nyob thiab tuag, nyob rau hauv qab thiab tsim cov pob zeb sedimentary. Qhov thib ob theem pib thaum cov pob zeb submerged los ntawm deflection nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub buoyancy quab yuam pib nce siab, tsim toj roob thiab kev nyuaj siab. Cov txheej txheem ntawm deflection thiab nce yog qeeb heev thiab siv ntau lab xyoo.
Cov tub hluas, cov roob uas nyuam qhuav tsim los kuj hu ua folded. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb crumpled rau hauv folds. Niaj hnub nimno folded roob yog tag nrho cov siab tshaj peaks ntawm lub ntiaj chaw. Massifs uas tau los txog rau theem ntawm kev puas tsuaj, smoothing ntawm peaks, muaj maj mam slopes, yog folded-blocky.
Mineral resources
Cov qauv txawb yog qhov tso nyiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov zaub mov. Kev ua haujlwm siab seismic, magma ejections, kub siab thiab siab poob siab ua rau cov pob zeb ntawm igneous los yog metamorphic keeb kwm: hlau, txhuas, tooj liab, manganese ores. Nyob rau hauv geosynclines muaj deposits ntawm precious hlau, combustible tshuaj.
