British Tsev khaws puav pheej: duab thiab tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov neeg ncig tebchaws. British Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv London: cov khoom pov thawj

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:54

Cia li tsis txhob yuam kev yog tias peb hais tias tej zaum qhov nyiam tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Askiv yog British Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv London. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Kuj ceeb tias, nws tau tsim spontaneously (txawm li cas los xij, zoo li ntau lwm lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv lub tebchaws). Peb qhov khoom ntiag tug tau dhau los ua nws lub hauv paus.

Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej British nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm 6 hectares hauv cov tsev uas tau tsim dua ib puas xyoo. Lawv muaj cov khoom pov thawj ntawm txhua haiv neeg hauv ntiaj teb paub niaj hnub no. Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej British hauv London yog ib qho ntawm ob peb lub tsev nyob sab Europe ntawm qib no, uas yog qhov nthuav tsis yog rau nws qhov tshwj xeeb, tsis tshua muaj khoom pov thawj. Lub tsev nws tus kheej yog ib tug invaluable monument ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai.

Nws lub hnub nyoog venerable (250 xyoo) ncaj qha ntsig txog keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws uas natural sciences vam meej. Tej zaum yog vim li cas tsis yog ib tug neeg pab nyiaj txiag thiab tsis yog tus kws kos duab, tab sis tus kws tshawb fawb-naturalist yog tus tsim ntawm cov ntawv sau zoo nkauj. Peb tab tom tham txog tus kws kho mob huab tais Sir Hans Sloan (1660-1753). Thaum nws lub neejtswj kom sau ib colossal sau ntawm ethnographic, natural-scientific thiab artistic exhibits uas muaj nuj nqis.

British Museum exhibits

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej no yog ntau yam khoom pov thawj. Archaeological thiab ethnographic rarities coexist nyob ntawm no nrog paintings, khoom ntawm natural science, ancient manuscripts, phau ntawv thiab sculptures.

Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej

Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej British National pib nws keeb kwm hauv xyoo 1753. Nws yog thaum ntawd British naturalist Hans Sloan bequeathed nws cov cim sau rau lub teb chaws. Kev qhib lub tsev cia puav pheej tau pom zoo los ntawm txoj cai tshwj xeeb ntawm British Parliament. Los ntawm 1759, thaum Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej tau pib ua haujlwm, cov khoom sau tau ntxiv nrog cov khoom pov thawj los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv muaj koob muaj npe.

Sculptures

Cov no yog lub pov haum tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm British Tsev khaws puav pheej sau. Cov duab puab no hu ua Parthenon marbles (los yog Elgin marbles). Lawv tau txais lawv lub npe nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm cov suav uas coj lawv tawm ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws ib zaug. Niaj hnub no, lub tsev khaws puav pheej boasts lub ntiaj teb coob sau ntawm Asian sculpture. Lub Department of Egyptian Antiquities muaj ib phau ntawm 66,000 yam khoom, thiab cov khoom Greek thaum ub muaj ntau lub ntiaj teb nto moo masterpieces: ib tug pej thuam ntawm Demeter, bust ntawm Pericles thiab lwm yam.

Cov npe ntawm lawv cov neeg tsim khoom tseem tsis paub, txawm hais tias muaj qhov sib txawv thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm cov haujlwm. Muaj ib qho version uas cov mlom thiab frieze ntawm Parthenon yog cov hauj lwm ntawm ib tug sculptor nto moo los ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws (Phidias), uas coj. Kev tsim kho ntawm Acropolis. Ntau tshaj ib zaug lub teb chaws no tau sim rov qab Parthenon marbles. Nyob rau hauv lem, England yog tsis maj mus hais goodbye rau priceless treasures. Txhua sab muaj nws tus kheej lub tswv yim txog qhov teeb meem no: cov Greeks hu qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis uas tsis muaj nqi yog tub sab, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev khaws puav pheej ntseeg tias qhov kev ntsuas no tau cawm cov duab puab los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.

Tej zaum ob sab yog txoj cai ntawm lawv tus kheej. Earl Elgin tau coj tsoomfwv tso cai los nqa qee cov khoom pov thawj tawm hauv lub tebchaws uas txawv heev. Thaum lub sij hawm lawv raug coj los ntawm British Tsev khaws puav pheej, Parthenon tau nyob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo.

Rosetta Pob zeb

Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom pov thawj nto moo tshaj plaws uas muaj los ntawm British Tsev khaws puav pheej. Ib tug artifact uas tau pom nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Nws tso cai rau Jean Champollion (tus kws sau keeb kwm Fab Kis Orientalist thiab linguist) los txhais lus Egyptian hieroglyphs. Hnub no, lub tsev khaws puav pheej no zoo siab tos txais cov neeg tuaj saib hauv Egyptian chav tsev cia puav pheej.

Mummy Katabet

Peb thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo - lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub mummy ntawm tus pov thawj ntawm Amun-Ra, uas nws lub npe hu ua Katabet. Nws lub cev yog qhwv hauv daim ntaub. Lub ntsej muag yog npog los ntawm gilded daim npog qhov ncauj, uas depicts ib tug portrait ntawm ib tug pov thawj. Interestingly, lub sarcophagus yog Ameslikas npaj rau ib tug txiv neej. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm tus niam no yog tus poj niam lub hlwb, tsis zoo li lwm yam kabmob, tsis raug ntes.

Hoa-Haka-Nana-Ia

Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej British sau muaj lwm lub pov haum. Qhov no yog cov duab puab Polynesian coj los ntawm Easter Island. Nws hu ua Hoa-Haka-Nana-Ia. Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov no yog lub npetxhais ua "ib tug neeg nyiag (los yog zais) phooj ywg." Thaum xub thawj, tus mlom Moai tau pleev xim dawb thiab liab, tab sis dhau sijhawm, cov xim faded, tev tawm thiab nthuav tawm cov bas alt tufa. Cov khoom siv ruaj khov no tau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov duab puab monolithic.

Txiv neej ntawm Great Sphinx

Ua tsaug rau kev siv zog ntawm Giovanni Battista Cavigli, ib txwm nyob hauv tebchaws Ltalis, Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Askiv muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom sau los ntawm Great Sphinx hwj txwv. Tus nto moo adventurer Caviglia txiav txim siab mus khawb li lub ntsiab attraction ntawm Giza. Henry S alt (British Ambassador) tau teeb tsa cov neeg ua lag luam Italian qhov xwm txheej uas nws yuav tsum hloov tag nrho cov khoom pom mus rau British Tsev khaws puav pheej. Cov seem ntawm cov hwj txwv uas Caviglia tau tso rau hauv cov xuab zeb yog tam sim no khaws cia hauv Egyptian Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Cairo.

British Museum Library

Nws yog ua raws li kev sau los ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los Anglo-Saxon thiab Latin cov ntawv sau, tsim xyoo 1753, sau los ntawm Sir Hans Sloan. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim lub tsev qiv ntawv tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm George II. Nws pub lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm King Edward IV mus rau lub tsev cia puav pheej. Lwm 65 txhiab luam tau tshwm sim hauv kev sau hauv xyoo 1823. Nws yog khoom plig los ntawm King George III. Xyoo 1850, ib chav nyeem ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb tau qhib hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej - Karl Marx, Lenin thiab lwm tus neeg nto moo ua haujlwm hauv nws.

Library in the 20th century

Qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv Askiv tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 20th. Thaum Lub Xya Hli Ntuj xyoo 1973, plaub lub teb chaws phau ntawv sau tau raug muab ua ke. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau koom nrog cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Scotland thiab Wales. Xyoo 1973lub tsev qiv ntawv tau tsim. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig rau hnub no - cov neeg nyeem tuaj yeem tau txais ib phau ntawv uas nyob hauv UK.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo pua (XX) cov ntawv sau thiab cov phau ntawv qub tshaj plaws luam tawm los ntawm Dunhuang tau tshwm sim hauv phau ntawv ntawm British Library. Xyoo 1933, British Tsev khaws puav pheej tau yuav hauv tebchaws Russia rau ib puas txhiab phaus Codex Sinaiticus, ib qho khoom plig uas tsis muaj nqi rau cov ntseeg, uas cov tub ceev xwm hauv Soviet tau txiav txim siab tias tsis tsim nyog hauv zej zog tsis ntseeg.

Library Collection

Hnub no nws yog lub ntiaj teb cov phau ntawv loj tshaj plaws, cov ntawv sau, cov ntawv sau. Cov khoom sau muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas thiab tsib caug txhiab khoom. Txij li xyoo 1983, National Sound Archive tau tshwm sim hauv Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv. Ntawm no lawv khaws cov ntawv sau thiab suab kaw, cov ntawv sau ntawm cov suab paj nruag - los ntawm Handel mus rau Beatles.

paintings

Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej British tsis muaj qhov nthuav qhia loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj. Tab sis yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov zoo tivthaiv, ces nws tsis yog inferior mus rau lub Louvre nyob rau hauv Paris los yog lub St. Petersburg Hermitage. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto moo masterpieces, lub tsev khaws puav pheej British tsis muaj qhov sib npaug. Ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nws yog qhov tsis yooj yim sua kom nrhiav tau ib tus uas nws cov duab tsis nyob hauv London sau.

Gallery zaub

Tau kawg, nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Foggy Albion, Kuv xav paub txog kev kos duab ntawm qhov chaw no. Lub sijhawm no yog muab los ntawm British Tsev khaws puav pheej. Cov duab ntawm cov neeg pleev kob zoo yog sawv cev los ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes thiab portraits ntawm Lawrence thiab Gainsborough, satirical paintingsHogarth. Lawv nthuav qhia lub tsev kawm txuj ci qub British hauv txhua qhov sib txawv. Cov duab ntawm Askiv sib tw nrog cov npe nrov canvases ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm Ltalis, Spain, Netherlands, uas tau nthuav dav hauv London National Gallery.

Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom "Madonna hauv pob zeb" (Leonardo da Vinci). Qhov no yog ib tug lig version ntawm canvas khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Louvre. Cov neeg tuaj xyuas hauv tsev cia puav pheej tuaj yeem txaus siab rau 6 daim duab los ntawm Botticelli. Ntawm lawv yog lub pearl tiag tiag ntawm tus tswv - "Venus thiab Mars". Kev nthuav qhia suav nrog kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Piero della Francesca, Antonello da Messina, Veronese, Tintoretto, Titian.

Yog tias koj muaj hmoo txaus mus xyuas British Tsev khaws puav pheej, tsis txhob nco cov duab kos los ntawm Carlo Crivelli, Venetian uas nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv xyoo pua 15th. Niaj hnub no, txoj haujlwm ntawm tus tswv zoo nkauj no tsis muaj npe nrov li thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum cov nyiaj loj ntawm 2184 phaus tau them rau nws "Rondino Madonna". Txhawm rau muab koj lub tswv yim ntawm tus nqi ntawm txoj haujlwm no, peb nco ntsoov tias tsuas yog tha xim hauv chav ua yeeb yam los ntawm tus kws kos duab zoo Della Francesca tau yuav tib lub sijhawm rau 241 phaus.

Cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog sawv cev los ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Netherlands. Nws muaj plaub daim duab los ntawm Jan van Eyck. Tsis muaj ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv ntiaj teb no muaj cov khoom muaj nqis zoo li no. Tus nqi tseem ceeb yog ib qho ntawm nws cov duab loj tshaj plaws - duab ntawm ob peb Arnolfini. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Memling, Kampen, Christus, Bosk, van der Weyden, Nkoj thiab lwm lub hnub qub ntawm Netherlandish painting. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav pom canvasesRubens, Brueghel, Rembrandt, van Dyck.

Tsis txhob quav ntsej cov haujlwm ntawm Vermeer ntawm Delft, tus kws kos duab Dutch ntawm xyoo pua 16th. Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej British muaj ob ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Qhov no, ntseeg kuv, yog ntau heev. Qhov tsis meej tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Dutch, Vermeer, tau tso tseg ob peb yam haujlwm uas lawv txhua tus nyob hauv tus account tshwj xeeb hauv ntiaj teb. Txawm nyob hauv nws lub tebchaws hauv Holland, tsuas yog rau ntawm nws cov duab kos tuaj yeem pom.

Cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg Mev nto moo - Murillo, El Greco, Ribera, Goya, Zurbaran tau nthuav dav hauv tsev cia puav pheej. Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg pleev kob loj tshaj plaws ntawm Spain, Diego Velasquez, yog sawv cev los ntawm cuaj daim ntaub, thiab ntawm lawv muaj ib qho ntawm nws cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws - "Venus nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm daim iav".

Lub tsev khaws khoom German tsis yog qhov dav. Txawm li cas los xij, tej hauj lwm ntawm cov tswv zoo xws li Cranach, Altdorfer, Holbein, Dürer, Poussin, Watteau tau tso rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej.