Pine yog kab tias yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg sawv cev tshaj plaws ntawm cov nroj tsuag coniferous hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Tsob ntoo muaj nyob hauv ntau thaj chaw ntuj tsim los ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab mus rau Far North. Feem ntau tsim cov hav zoov dav dav (tsuas yog nyob rau hauv temperate latitudes). Pine ntoo hlob nyob qhov twg? Dab tsi yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv cov cog qoob loo? Muaj pes tsawg hom ntoo thuv txawv los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb? Peb yuav teb cov lus nug no thiab ntau ntxiv hauv kab lus no.
tsob ntoo coniferous: cov lus qhia dav dav
Coniferous yog ib lub tuam tsev ntawm lub nceeg vaj cog, sawv cev los ntawm cov ntoo (feem ntau), nrog rau cov nroj tsuag thiab elfins. Lawv loj hlob yuav luag thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntuj - lub taiga. Ob lub ntsiab qhov txawv ntawm chav tsev no yog:
- Nplooj feem ntau nthuav tawm raws li cov koob nyias ntev.
- Cov noob loj hlob hauv cov tua tshwj xeeb - cones.
Conifers yog pawg qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov nroj tsuag hauv ntiaj teb. Lawv cov seem muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab hnub rov qab 60-300 lab xyoo dhau los. Ib txhia ntawm lawv twb tuag lawm yam tsis muaj ib txoj lw, xws li Voltian los yog Cordaite. Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov tsos ntawm cov nroj tsuag no tsuas yog txiav txim los ntawm cov pob txha pob txha pom xwb.
ntoo coniferous: piv txwv
Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov lus txiav txim siab:
- yew;
- sequoia;
- pine;
- spruce;
- cypress;
- larch;
- cedar;
- juniper;
- fir.
Ntawm tag nrho cov npe nroj tsuag hauv tebchaws Russia, feem ntau yog spruce, ntoo thuv thiab larch. Cov ntoo no hlob nyob qhov twg?
- Spruce muaj nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Europe, Asia thiab North America, dav sawv cev hauv thaj tsam Siberia thiab Far East.
- Pine tau puv lub temperate latitudes ntawm Europe thiab Asia, nws kuj loj hlob nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia thiab North America (los ntawm Alaska mus rau Yucatan).
- Larch nyob thaj tsam loj hauv Russia, tshwj xeeb, hauv nws thaj tsam Siberian thiab Far Eastern.
Yog li, peb pom qhov twg ntoo thuv, spruces thiab larches loj hlob. Tom ntej no, peb yuav nyob twj ywm hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm cov lus piav qhia botanical ntawm ntoo thuv, tham txog kev faib thiab hom tseem ceeb ntawm tsob ntoo no.
Pine ntoo: botanical description
Pines yog tsev neeg ntawm cov nroj tsuag coniferous, sawv cev los ntawm ntau dua 130 hom. Hauv Latin, lawv lub npe suab zoo li Pinus. Nws ntseeg tias lub npe no los ntawm Celtic lo lus tus pin,uas txhais tau tias "resin". Pine ntoo tiag tiag emit ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm resin, generously enriched nrog phytoncides.
Pine ntoo yog qhov ntom ntom tab sis mos. Hais txog lub zog, nws yog thib ob tsuas yog larch. Nws muaj xim zoo nkauj uas tsaus ntuj nrog lub hnub nyoog ntawm tsob ntoo (thiab tsis sib xws).
Pine tua muaj ob hom: ntev thiab luv. Nplooj (kab koob) yog nyias thiab elongated (5-9 cm ntev), feem ntau sau rau hauv pawg ntawm 2-5 daim. Lub cones yog oblong los yog ovoid nyob rau hauv cov duab thiab muaj ib tug nruj kaw nplai. Raws li cov nroj tsuag loj tuaj, cov nplai no qhib, nthuav tawm cov noob.
Kev faib tawm thiab hom ntoo ntoo
Pine loj hlob nyob qhov twg? Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj, lawv qhov chaw faib khoom yog dav heev (saib daim ntawv qhia hauv qab). Pine forests muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm Eurasia, los ntawm equatorial mus rau subpolar latitudes. Nyob rau hauv lub tropics thiab nyob ze ntawm lub equator, pines yog pom nyob rau hauv lub roob. Cov ntoo no loj hlob hauv North America (xws li cov Islands tuaj ntawm Caribbean), thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb Africa (hauv toj siab Atlas).
Npau suav teb qhov chaw cog ntoo yog dab tsi? Lub npe nrov rau ntoo thuv hav zoov yog boron. Muaj tseeb, qee zaum lo lus no kuj hais txog cov hav zoov spruce. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntoo thuv hav zoov, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj undergrowth, tab sis roob tshauv, juniper thiab lwm yam tsawg shrubs yog feem ntau pom. Aspen los yog birch feem ntau tov nrog ntoo thuv ntawm no.
Nyob rau sab qaum teb Hemisphere, botanists muaj ntau dua ib puas hom ntoo thuv. Kwv yees li ntawm ib nrab ntawm lawv yog cultivated. ATNtawm cov npe nrov tshaj plaws thiab ntau hom:
- Scotch ntoo.
- Siberian cedar ntoo thuv.
- Pine dub.
- Weymouth pine.
- roob Pine (los yog European).
Pine hauv kab lis kev cai, ntawv nyeem thiab pej xeem kos duab
Raws li cov lus dab neeg Greek thaum ub, tsob ntoo ntoo yog lub embodiment ntawm kaj ntug nymph Pitis. Thaum nws tig los rau hauv tsob ntoo no kom nkaum ntawm tus dab phem ntawm sab qaum teb cua Boreas.
Pine tau pom dav dav hauv kev kos duab zoo nkauj, tshwj xeeb, hauv Lavxias. Yog li ntawd, cov duab ntawm tsob ntoo tuaj yeem pom ntawm daim ntaub ntawm Ivan Shishkin, Fyodor Vasiliev, Paul Cezanne, Camille Corot thiab lwm tus neeg ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb. Tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws painting depicting ntoo thuv tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog txoj haujlwm ntawm I. I. Shishkin "Morning in a Pine forest".
Kev hais txog cov ntoo no feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Ntawm no, piv txwv li, yog ib qho excerpt los ntawm zaj dab neeg "Artel peasants" los ntawm Konstantin Paustovsky, classic ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet prose:
“Varya sawv thaum kaj ntug, mloog. Lub ntuj xiav me ntsis dhau ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab. Nyob rau hauv lub mev uas ib tug laus ntoo thuv loj hlob, muaj ib tug saws: Zhik-zhik, zhik-zhik! Pom tau tias, cov neeg muaj kev paub dhau los pom: qhov pom tau nrov nrov, tsis txhob cuam tshuam."
Ntau cov lus pov thawj thiab cov lus tau sau txog ntoo thuv. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:
"Qhov twg ntoo ntoo loj tuaj, qhov ntawd yog liab!"
"Tus ntoo thuv zoo li ntsuab nyob rau lub caij ntuj no."
"Tau poob rau hauv peb Pines"
"Los ntawm tsob txiv apple - txiv apples, thiab los ntawm ntoo thuv - cones!"
Ntxiv rau, muajmuaj ntau tus me nyuam riddles nrog hais txog tsob ntoo no. Nov yog qhov nrov tshaj plaws:
Tus qub ntoo thuv hlob nyob qhov twg? Tus nab liab nyob qhov twg? Nws khaws dab tsi rau lub caij ntuj no? (Cov lus teb: hauv hav zoov; hauv qhov khoob; txiv ntseej).
pines loj hlob nyob qhov twg?
Pine yog tsob ntoo tshwj xeeb tiag tiag. Tom qab tag nrho, nws paub yuav ua li cas hloov mus rau ntau yam ntawm ib puag ncig. Koj tuaj yeem ntsib tsob ntoo no ntawm thaj av swampy sab qaum teb, thiab ntawm cov pob zeb pob zeb ntawm Crimean ceg av qab teb. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv thaj chaw roob, ntoo thuv tsis tshua muaj siab tshaj 800 meters.
Pine loj hlob nyob qhov twg? Yog hais tias peb tham txog geological yam ntawm thaj chaw, ces tsob ntoo no ntse nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si xuab zeb thiab pob zeb substrates. Qee hom pines tau yoog txawm tias muaj cov chalk deposits ntshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntoo no loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov av xuab zeb lossis loamy av.
Feem ntau, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas ntoo thuv loj hlob, muaj ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm noo noo. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lawv kuj yog heev unpretentious. Pines zoo kawg nkaus yoog txawm rau cov xwm txheej ntawm marshland. Raws li txoj cai, lawv yog thawj "tus tswv" cov av uas tsis tsim nyog rau tag nrho lwm cov ntoo, maj mam fertilizing nrog lawv tus kheej koob.
Yog li, peb pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li cas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Pine tsev neeg loj hlob. Thiab tam sim no nws yog tsim nyog tham nyob rau hauv kom meej ntxiv txog qee hom pines. Hauv particular, txog cov uas tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav pab tau kom paub seb cov ntoo thuv twg loj hlob nyob qhov twg.
Pinussylvestris yog hom kab ntau tshaj plaws ntawm tsev neeg ntoo thuv. Qhov no yog tsob ntoo uas muaj lub teeb-hlub thiab loj hlob sai, ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 30-50 meters. Lub crown yog translucent thiab loj hlob, feem ntau nrog ib tug ca saum. Cov xim ntawm cov tawv nqaij: lub teeb xim av, reddish. Lub cev, raws li txoj cai, yog ncaj nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 0.5 mus rau 1.2 m. Cov koob yog ntev heev (txog 6-9 cm), xiav-ntsuab, me ntsis nkhaus.
Qhov chaw faib ntawm tsob ntoo nthuav dav dav dav los ntawm Central Europe mus rau Far East. Scots ntoo thuv hlob nyob qhov twg? Nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov xuab zeb xoob ntawm Mongolia, thiab hauv cov swamps ntawm Polissya, thiab nyob rau hauv roob ntawm Caucasus. Tsob ntoo yoog tau zoo rau ntau yam ntuj thiab huab cua. Txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov av ntawm lub teeb txhua yam muaj pes tsawg leeg.
Scotch ntoo thuv loj hlob sai heev. Nyob 300-600 xyoo.
Siberian cedar
Siberian cedar ntoo thuv (feem ntau hu ua yooj yim cedar) yog tsob ntoo majestic coniferous nrog lub ntsej muag tuab thiab lub cev muaj zog. Nws cov ceg yog nyob ze rau ib leeg thiab npog nrog cov mos mos thiab ntev koob (txog 12 cm), uas tau sau rau hauv pawg. Cov duab ntawm lub cones yog elongated ovoid, xim yog liab doog thaum xub thawj, thiab tom qab xim av. Cov cones muaj cov noob ("txiv ntseej"), uas tau noj thiab siv los tsim cov roj cedar. Ib lub khob tuaj yeem nkaum ntawm 30 mus rau 150 cov txiv ntoo.
tsob ntoo cedar hlob nyob qhov twg? Tsob ntoo yog dav nyob rau hauv hav zoov cheeb tsam ntawm Western Siberia (los ntawm 48 mus rau 66 degreesqaum teb latitude). Nyob rau hauv Eastern Siberia, lub sab sauv txwv ntawm nws ntau yam noticeably hloov mus rau sab qab teb. Cedar kuj pom nyob rau hauv hav zoov ntawm Mongolia thiab sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj, loj hlob nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm lub Altai Toj siab (txog 2000 meters). Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj av Arkhangelsk muaj cov cog cog qoob loo ntawm Siberian cedar cog rau lub sijhawm ua ntej kev hloov pauv.
Weymouth pine
tsob ntoo zoo nkauj thiab txawv txawv nrog ntoo zoo heev. Cov ceg tawm ntawm lub cev nruj nreem horizontally thiab npog nrog nyias, mos thiab ntev koob. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, ntoo ntawm cov ntoo dawb sab hnub tuaj (raws li nws tseem hu ua) tau nquag siv los tsim cov nkoj ntawm British Navy. Tam sim no dav cog hauv hav zoov.
Weymouth ntoo thuv lub ntuj raug txwv rau North America. Tshwj xeeb, tsob ntoo muaj ntau nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Tebchaws Meskas thiab sab hnub tuaj Canada. Nws kuj pom muaj nyob hauv Mexico, Guatemala thiab ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Saint Pierre thiab Miquelon. Hauv toj siab nws nce mus txog qhov siab ntawm 1500 meters.
Bunge Pine
Tej zaum, hauv tag nrho tsev neeg Pine, Bunge Pine (Pinus Bungeana) boasts qhov txawv tshaj plaws. Nws tau txais nws lub npe nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab botanist Alexander Bunge, uas thawj zaug piav nws rov qab rau hauv 1831.
tsob ntoo sawv ntawm nws cov tawv ntoo txawv txawv. Thaum xub thawj, nws muaj xim ntsuab. Tab sis nrog lub hnub nyoog, nws cov nplai pib flake tawm, thiab cov tawv ntoo ua greyish-dawb. Cov ntoo tsis tshua muaj siab tshaj 30 meters hauv qhov siab. Cov koob ntawm ntoo thuv yog tawv, tsaus ntsuab, lub cones yog resinous, xim av.
Bunge Pinehlob nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Tsob ntoo tau nquag cog rau hauv cov tiaj ua si thiab lub vaj, siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj hauv nroog txoj kev thiab squares.
kev siv ntoo thuv
Ntoo ntawm Scots ntoo thuv yog siv los ntawm cov txiv neej. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm nws qhov tshwj xeeb hardness, ceev thiab siab tensile lub zog. Tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab cov khoom siv hauv qab no tau txais los ntawm nws:
- tsim cov cav thiab kab teeb;
- nkoj tsim thiab lawj ridges;
- railway pw tsaug zog;
- plywood;
- pulp;
- rosin;
- tar;
- turpentine thiab lwm yam
Pine tseem hu ua tsob ntoo tshuaj. Hauv pej xeem cov tshuaj, yuav luag txhua qhov chaw ntawm tsob ntoo no yog siv - buds, koob, bark, resin, noob. Yog li, cov koob muaj ntau cov vitamins thiab muaj cov kab mob zoo heev. Turpentine roj yog dav siv rau kev mob caj dab, rheumatism thiab neuralgia. Pine tar tau zoo kho cov tawv nqaij mob (xws li psoriasis lossis eczema).
Txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm ntoo thuv
Pine tolerates hnyav frosts thiab tsawg av noo. Ntoo yog heev resistant rau industrial pollutants. Tib yam uas tus ntoo thuv yog qhov xav tau txaus ntshai yog hnub ci ntuj. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau cog rau hauv qhov chaw qhib, tsis muaj qhov ntxoov ntxoo. Cov xuab zeb los yog xuab zeb loam substrate yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev cog qoob loo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsaws nyob rau hauv "hnyav" av (piv txwv li, dub av los yog loam), koj yuav xav tauntxiv qhov dej ntws.
Pine seedlings feem ntau cog thaum lub Plaub Hlis lig lossis lub Cuaj Hli. Ua li no, khawb ib 'meter' qhov ntev thiab ncuav ib tug sib tov ntawm av, turf thiab dej xuab zeb rau hauv nws. Koj tuaj yeem ntxiv me ntsis nitrogen chiv (li 35-40 g). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws hnub nyoog ntawm yub yog 3-5 xyoos. Thaum cog rau hauv av, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom ntseeg tau tias lub hauv paus caj dab ntawm tsob ntoo hluas yog nyob rau theem av.
Nyob rau hauv thawj tsib xyoos ntawm nws lub neej, ib tug ntoo thuv yub nce ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws kaum centimeters ib xyoo. Yog li, tsob ntoo muaj hnub nyoog tsib xyoos tsis tshaj li ib nrab ntawm qhov siab. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm ntoo thuv nce mus rau 25-60 cm ib xyoo, thiab tom qab kaum xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm tsob ntoo, nws ncav cuag 80-100 cm ib xyoo. Hauv peb caug-xyoo-laus ntoo thuv, kev loj hlob hauv qhov siab qeeb qeeb thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev nthuav dav pib.
Rau lub vaj thiab lub caij ntuj sov cottages, nws raug nquahu kom xaiv cov duab zoo nkauj thiab me me ntawm cov ntoo thuv nrog cov yas ntawm cov ntawv qub. Nws tuaj yeem yog:
- Weymouth pine Radiata.
- Pine Aurea.
- roob Pine Dwarf.
Koj tuaj yeem pom ntoo ntoo nyob qhov twg hauv Russia?
Pine yog ib qho ntawm cov hom ntoo loj hauv tebchaws Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws muaj 16 ntawm nws hom. Feem ntau yog Scots ntoo thuv. Feem ntau, pines nyob txog 15% ntawm thaj tsam ntawm tag nrho cov hav zoov hauv Russia. Hauv qhov siab, lawv feem ntau ncav cuag 50-70 meters. Pine hlob nyob qhov twg hauv Russia?
Pine hav zoov ntshiab yog dav sawv cev hauv Siberia (feem ntau ntawm cov av xuab zeb lossis pob zeb). Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm txoj kab kev cai Bryansk - Kazan - Ufa, cov ntoo no tsis tshua muaj thiabpointwise, tsim tsuas me me hav zoov thiab groves. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub roob ntawm lub Caucasus thiab Crimea, lawv yog ubiquitous.
Ntxiv rau Scotch ntoo thuv, Siberian cedar yog muaj nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab Korean cedar kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lub Amur cheeb tsam. Cov tom kawg muaj elongated buds thiab noob.
