Radiation yog cov hluav taws xob ionizing ntawm cov khoom siv me me thiab lub cev. Cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsis suav nrog cov kab hluav taws xob ultraviolet thiab cov teeb pom kev zoo. Xov tooj cua nthwv dej thiab microwaves tsis muaj peev xwm ionize cov khoom uas yuav tshwm sim; qhov no tsis yog hluav taws xob. Cov koob tshuaj tuag rau tib neeg tsis yog tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg, hluav taws xob yog qhov cuam tshuam rau lub cev.
Lub zog thiab koob tshuaj
Lub zog ntawm hluav taws xob yog tus nqi ntawm ionization rau ib lub sijhawm. Rau lub zog, muaj ib chav ntsuas - microroentgen ib teev.
Cov koob tshuaj tau txais yog ntsuas los ntawm tag nrho cov koob tshuaj, txiav txim siab los ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob, muab faib los ntawm lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm cov microparticles, yog li, cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob tuag rau tus neeg, uas ua rau tuag, suav nrog. Sievert (Sv) yog siv los ntsuas qhov sib npaug koob, lub zog rau kev suav yog txiav txim siab hauv sieverts ib teev (Sv / h).
Xaiv cov koob tshuaj sib npaug los ntawm kev raug hluav taws xob ntawm ntau hom, qhov kev siv hluav taws xob xav tau nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam rau sievert yog suav nrog. Piv txwv li, thaum txiav txim siab tag nrho cov koob tshuaj los ntawm kev ua ntawm gamma rays, 100 roentgens yog sib npaug rau1 Suab Cov koob tshuaj me me, tsawg dua 1 Sv raug suav nrog:
- 1 mSv (millisievert) yog sib npaug rau 1/1000 sievert;
- 1 µSv (microsievert) yog sib npaug rau 1/1000 millisievert lossis 1/1000000 sievert.
Emission Meter
Ib dosimeter yog tus qauv dav siv rau kev txiav txim siab npaum li cas lossis lub zog qhia ntawm lub cuab yeej thiab tus neeg teb xov tooj ntawm lub cuab yeej. Dosimetry yog ua tiav thaum lub sijhawm raug hluav taws xob, xws li kev ua haujlwm hloov lossis kev cawm dim.
Cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob tuag rau ib tus neeg hauv roentgens nyob ntawm qhov siv hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm, yog tias tag nrho cov duab ntau dua 600 units, ces qhov kev raug mob no yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej. Cov khoom thauj, cov khoom raug kuaj xyuas, cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov tsev thiab cov tsev yog ntsuas. Txhua tus neeg mus xyuas cov chaw uas muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kis kab mob kis tau tus mob dosimeter rau kev siv tus kheej mus tas li.
Thaum mus rau thaj chaw tsis paub, piv txwv li, roob, pas dej, mus hiking lossis khaws cov txiv ntoo thiab nceb, lawv siv lub cuab yeej los soj ntsuam thaj chaw ua ntej nyob ntev. Kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw yog txiav txim siab ua ntej kev tsim kho lossis thaum yuav av. Cov hluav taws xob keeb kwm yav dhau tsis txo qis thiab tsis raug tshem tawm ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev thiab cov khoom, yog li ntawd, kev phom sij tau kuaj pom ua ntej siv dosimeter.
Lub tswvyim ntawm radioactivity
Qee atoms muaj cov nuclei tsis ruaj khov uas muaj peev xwm hloov pauv lossispoob sib nrug. Cov txheej txheem no txhawb kev tso tawm ions dawb. Muaj cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob, muaj zog muaj zog, muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam cov teeb meem nyob ib puag ncig thiab ua rau pom cov ions tshiab ntawm cov nqi tsis zoo thiab zoo. Cov koob tshuaj tuag ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv rad tshwm sim thaum ib tus neeg raug 600 rads, thaum 100 rads (non-systemic unit)=100 roentgens.
Ua rau muaj kab mob sib kis
Qhov kev ua ntawm ntau yam thiab xwm txheej ua rau muaj kev tawg ntau ntxiv:
- nag lossis daus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob los ntawm huab cua nuclear thaum lub sijhawm tawg;
- thaum muaj hluav taws xob tshwm sim, tau los ntawm kev tsim cov hluav taws xob isotopes nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua haujlwm tam sim ntawm gamma rays thiab neutrons tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm tawg nuclear;
- cuam tshuam ntawm cov hluav taws xob sab nraud ntawm gamma thiab beta rays;
- koob tshuaj tuag ntawm hluav taws xob yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev raug sab hauv tom qab cov isotopes radioactive nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev los ntawm huab cua lossis nrog zaub mov;
- xovtooj cua sib kis tau ua rau muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb los ntawm tib neeg tsim kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov chaw nuclear, kev thauj mus los tsis raug thiab pov tseg cov pov tseg nuclear.
hom hluav taws xob
Kev phom sij rau tib neeg yog hluav taws xob ntawm microparticles, ua rau muaj kab mob hauv lub cev thiab tuag. Qhov loj ntawm qhov raug nyob ntawm seb hom rays, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab zaus:
- hnyav alpha hais, zoo them tom qab kev lwj ntawm nuclei (cov no suav nrog thoron, cob alt-60, uranium, radon);
- beta hais yog cov hluav taws xob zoo tib yam ntawm strontium-90, potassium-40, cesium-137;
- gamma hluav taws xob yog sawv cev los ntawm cov khoom uas muaj zog nkag siab (cesium-137, cob alt-60);
- nyuaj X-rays, nco txog gamma hais tab sis tsis muaj zog, muab los ntawm americium-241, ib qho chaw tas li ntawm keeb kwm yog lub hnub;
- neutrons yog tsim los ntawm kev lwj ntawm plutonium nuclei, lawv cov tsub zuj zuj yog pom nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm nuclear reactors.
Ntau yam koob tshuaj
Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov koob tshuaj zoo sib xws yog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob rau lub cev vim tias tau txais qee yam ntawm cov tshuaj phem. Qhov ntsuas no coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog cev thiab lub sijhawm siv los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub cev (qee zaum thoob plaws lub neej). Qee zaum, qhov koob tshuaj tuag ntawm hluav taws xob hauv roentgens yog ntsuas rau ib qho khoom nruab nrog cev.
Qhov sib npaug koob tshuaj ib puag ncig yog txiav txim siab los ntawm tus nqi uas tus neeg tuaj yeem tau txais yog tias nws nyob hauv thaj chaw uas dosimetry ua tiav, qhov ntsuas tau ntsuas hauv sieverts.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob muaj kuab paug rau tib neeg lub cev
Txhua qhov hluav taws xob uas ua rau tsim cov khoom hluav taws xob nrog cov cim sib txawv hauv ib puag ncig yog suav tias yog ionizing. Cov kab hluav taws xob tawg mus tas li nrog ib tus neeg, nws yog tsim los ntawm cosmic hluav taws xob, lub zog ntawm lub hnub, qhov chaw ntawm radionuclides, thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm biosphere.
Kev ua haujlwm hauvCov xwm txheej muaj kev phom sij, cov neeg ua haujlwm raug tiv thaiv los ntawm kev foob tshwj xeeb, cov qauv kev nyab xeeb raug soj ntsuam. Lub cev tau txais hluav taws xob ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, kuaj pom qhov tsis zoo, kev tshawb fawb kho mob, kev tshawb fawb geological, thiab lwm yam.
Irradiation mutation
Cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob tuag rau ib tus neeg hauv rad yog tshaj 600 units thiab ua rau tuag taus. Irradiation ntawm ib koob ntawm 400 mus rau 600 rad ua rau pom kev mob hluav taws xob thiab tuaj yeem ua rau cov noob hloov pauv. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ionized transformation ntawm lub cev yog me ntsis kawm, kev hloov pauv manifest lawv tus kheej los ntawm ntau tiam neeg. Kev sib kis ntawm lub sijhawm muab txoj cai rau kev tsis ntseeg seb qhov kev hloov pauv tshwm sim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los yog tshwm sim los ntawm lwm yam laj thawj.
Kev hloov pauv tau muab faib los ntawm hom ua qhov tseem ceeb, tshwm sim hauv lub sijhawm luv luv tom qab raug hluav taws xob thiab rov ua dua. Hom ob manifests nws tus kheej yog hais tias leej niam thiab tus me nyuam muaj ib tug mutant noob. Kev hloov pauv tsis sawv rau ntau tiam neeg lossis tsis thab ib tus neeg txhua. Qhov degeneration ntawm tus me nyuam hauv plab yog qhov nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab thaum yug ntxov, yog tias kev hloov pauv tsis tso cai rau tus me nyuam hauv plab mus txog kev yug me nyuam.
Kev mob hluav taws xob. Leukemia
Radiation plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kuaj mob hluav taws xob. Ib koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob ua rau tuag taus, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg txaus ntshai yog theem ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm 200 mus rau 600 r, uas ua rau muaj mob hluav taws xob. Radiation cuam tshuam rau ib tug neeg tom qab ib qho kev muaj zog heev los yog nrog kev nkag mus tas li ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsawg. Ib qho piv txwv yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws kho mob hluav taws xob uas tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov raug mob tas li thiab poob rau cov kab mob yam ntxwv.
Qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev tsis taus mus txog 15 xyoo. Tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov koob tshuaj, cov kws tshawb fawb muab cov koob tshuaj sib txawv ntawm 50, 100 thiab 200 r. Pathogenesis tab tom kawm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum tshawb fawb, hluav taws xob leukemia tau nkag mus rau kev kho mob ntau dua.
Cancer
Kawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob rau ib tus neeg yog qhov nyuaj vim tias cov neeg coob coob tau kawm kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv dav dav, uas yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev sim tshwj xeeb. Dab tsi ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob ua rau tuag taus, thiab theem twg ua rau tib neeg mob qog noj ntshav tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim los ntawm kev sim tsiaj.
Hauv kev nkag siab ntawm kev cais cov tshuaj txaus ntshai uas ua rau mob qog noj ntshav, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseeb. Txhua koob tshuaj hluav taws xob tau txais muab lub zog rau lub cev kom pib faib cov hlwb nruj. Raws li qhov zaus ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob, lawv muab faib raws li hauv qab no:
- qhov tshwm sim feem ntau ntawm leukemia;
- tawm ntawm 1000 tus poj niam muaj kev pheej hmoo, 10 tus neeg mob tau mob qog noj ntshav;
- tib yam thyroid cancer statistics.
Kev mob hnyav ntawm hluav taws xob
Cov tsos mob ntawm kev mob hluav taws xob yog mob taub hau tas li, tsis muaj zog, kev sib koom tes ntawm tes taw, xeev siab, ntuav, kiv taub hau,mob plab thiab hnyuv. Dab tsi ntawm cov hluav taws xob ua kom tuag rau tib neeg:
- thawj degree tshwm sim tom qab lub sijhawm latent ntawm ob lub lis piam, tus kab mob tshwm sim los ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm 100 mus rau 200 roentgens;
- rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qib thib ob tom qab irradiation nrog koob tshuaj ntawm 200 txog 400 roentgens, kev tuag tshwm sim hauv ib lub hlis twg ntawm cov neeg raug hluav taws xob;
- theem peb ntawm kev mob hluav taws xob yog kev tuag hauv 50% ntawm cov neeg mob, rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj txaus ntawm hluav taws xob los ntawm 400 txog 600 roentgens;
- Plaub, theem txaus ntshai tshaj plaws kuj tshwm sim los ntawm hluav taws xob. Cov koob tshuaj tuag ntau dua 600 roentgens, kev tuag tshwm sim hauv 100% ntawm cov neeg mob.
Txoj kev tiv thaiv tus kheej yog tias muaj hluav taws xob sib kis ntawm thaj chaw
Txhais cov qauv ua rau cov pej xeem yog tias muaj hluav taws xob hauv thaj chaw. Cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub neej, yog li ntawd, txhawm rau txo cov neeg tuag, cov neeg raug tshem tawm mus rau cov chaw uas, raws li kev tiv thaiv qib, tau muab faib ua cov chaw foob pob peev, hauv qab daus, cov tsev ntoo thiab tsheb. Thawj hom kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws, qhov seem yog suav tias yog cov chaw nyob ib ntus thaum muaj xwm ceev.
Kev ntsuas tau zoo suav nrog kev ua pa, tiv thaiv dej thiab zaub mov. Lub vaj tse ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog ua tiav ua ntej yog tias muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev tawg lossis tawg. Lawv siv tshuaj tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, tsis txhob siv mis nyuj tshiab rau zaub mov.
Kev huv huv huv thiabtshuaj tua kab mob ntawm thaj chaw, thaum twg los xij, tib neeg raug khiav tawm sab nraud ntawm thaj chaw muaj kab mob. Kev txo qis sab hauv los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov plua plav nkag yog muab los ntawm cov tshuab ua pa uas siv tau hauv 80% ntawm cov neeg mob. Plaub-txheej gauze bandage muab qhov taw qhia qis dua, tab sis lawv siv txhua txoj kev tiv thaiv ntawm tes. Raws li lub kaus mom, cov tsho tiv thaiv dej tiv thaiv tau siv, hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, qhwv yas.
Nyob rau hauv xaus, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov hluav taws xob paug ntawm cheeb tsam tsis txo qis, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm tib neeg kis tau tsawg los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj tau txais hluav taws xob siv dosimeters.
