Txhua xyoo, tib neeg tab tom rhuav tshem cov peev txheej hauv ntiaj teb ntau dua. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias tsis ntev los no qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm ntau npaum li cas cov peev txheej biocenosis tuaj yeem muab tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Niaj hnub no, kev tsim khoom ntawm ecosystem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab thaum xaiv txoj kev tswj hwm, vim tias kev lag luam muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ncaj qha nyob ntawm qhov ntau lawm uas tuaj yeem tau txais.
Nov yog cov lus nug tseem ceeb uas cov kws tshawb fawb ntsib niaj hnub no:
- Hnub ci zog npaum li cas thiab ntau npaum li cas yog assimilated los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, nws ntsuas li cas?
- Cov hom ecosystems twg yog cov khoom tsim tau tshaj plaws thiab tsim cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws?
- Dab tsi yog txwv txwv cov khoom lag luam hauv zos thiab thoob ntiaj teb?
- Yuav ua li cas rau cov nroj tsuag hloov lub zog yog dab tsi?
- Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm kev ua tau zooassimilation, huv si ntau lawm thiab ib puag ncig efficiency?
- ecosystems txawv li cas ntawm cov biomass lossis ntim ntawm cov kab mob autotrophic?
- Lub zog muaj npaum li cas rau tib neeg thiab peb siv pes tsawg?
Peb yuav sim tsawg kawg ib nrab teb lawv nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kab lus no. Ua ntej, cia peb tham txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Yog li, qhov tsim tau ntawm ib qho ecosystem yog cov txheej txheem ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntim. Cov kab mob dab tsi yog lub luag haujlwm rau txoj haujlwm no?
Autotrophs thiab heterotrophs
Peb paub tias qee yam kab mob muaj peev xwm ua ke cov organic molecules los ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Lawv hu ua autotrophs, uas txhais tau hais tias "kev noj tus kheej". Qhov tseeb, kev tsim khoom ntawm ecosystems nyob ntawm lawv cov dej num. Autotrophs kuj tseem hu ua thawj cov neeg tsim khoom. Cov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm tsim cov organic molecules los ntawm cov khoom yooj yim inorganic (dej, CO2) feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tab sis qee cov kab mob muaj peev xwm tib yam. Cov txheej txheem uas lawv tsim cov organics hu ua photochemical synthesis. Raws li lub npe qhia, photosynthesis xav tau tshav ntuj.
Peb yuav tsum hais txog txoj hauv kev hu ua chemosynthesis. Qee cov kab mob autotrophs, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kab mob, tuaj yeem hloov cov as-ham rau hauv cov organic tebchaw yam tsis muaj hnub ci. Muaj ntau pawg ntawm chemosyntheticCov kab mob hauv hiav txwv thiab dej tshiab, thiab lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig uas muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm hydrogen sulfide lossis sulfur. Zoo li chlorophyll-cov kabmob nroj tsuag thiab lwm yam kab mob muaj peev xwm ntawm photochemical synthesis, chemosynthetic kab mob yog autotrophs. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom ntawm ecosystem yog qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag, vim nws yog nws lub luag haujlwm rau ntau tshaj 90% ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Chemosynthesis plays lub luag haujlwm me me hauv qhov no.
Meanwhile, ntau yam kab mob tsuas tuaj yeem tau txais lub zog uas lawv xav tau los ntawm kev noj lwm yam kab mob. Lawv hu ua heterotrophs. Raws li txoj cai, cov no suav nrog tag nrho cov nroj tsuag tib yam (lawv kuj "noj" npaj cov organic teeb meem), tsiaj txhu, microbes, fungi thiab microorganisms. Heterotrophs tseem hu ua "cov neeg siv khoom".
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag
Raws li txoj cai, lo lus "productivity" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog hais txog lub peev xwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag khaws cia ib co ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, vim tias tsuas yog cov kab mob nroj tsuag tuaj yeem hloov cov tshuaj inorganic rau hauv cov organic. Yog tsis muaj lawv, lub neej nws tus kheej hauv peb lub ntiaj teb yuav ua tsis tau, thiab yog li kev tsim khoom ntawm ecosystem tau txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj haujlwm no. Feem ntau, lo lus nug yog yooj yim heev: yog li cov organic teeb meem ntau npaum li cas cov nroj tsuag khaws cia?
Yuav ua li cas biocenoses yog qhov tsim tau tshaj?
Oddly txaus, tab sis tib neeg tsim biocenoses nyob deb ntawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws. Hav zoov, swamps, selva ntawm loj tropical dej nyob rau hauv no hais txognyob deb ua ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog cov biocenoses uas neutralize ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm cov tshuaj lom, uas, dua, nkag mus rau hauv xwm raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tib neeg kev ua si, thiab kuj tsim ntau tshaj li 70% ntawm cov pa oxygen nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntau phau ntawv qhia tseem hais tias lub ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv yog qhov tsim tau tshaj plaws "breadbasket". Oddly txaus, tab sis cov lus no deb heev ntawm qhov tseeb.
Ocean Paradox
Koj puas paub tias cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm cov ecosystems ntawm hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv piv li cas? Nrog semi-deserts! Cov ntim loj ntawm biomass tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws yog dej nthuav dav uas nyob feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto. Yog li kev rov twv ua ntej siv dej hiav txwv ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov as-ham rau tib neeg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej no tsis yooj yim ua tau, vim tias kev lag luam muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov no tsawg heev. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom qis ntawm hom ecosystem no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej hiav txwv rau lub neej ntawm txhua yam muaj sia, yog li lawv yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv kom zoo li sai tau.
Neeg ib puag ncig niaj hnub hais tias kev ua liaj ua teb muaj peev xwm nyob deb ntawm kev qaug zog, thiab yav tom ntej peb yuav tuaj yeem tau txais cov qoob loo ntau ntxiv los ntawm lawv. Kev cia siab tshwj xeeb tau muab tso rau hauv cov teb nplej, uas tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo vim lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.
Cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev tsim khoom ntawm cov kab mob lom neeg
Txhua qhov kev tsim khoom lag luam ecosystemyog txiav txim los ntawm tus nqi ntawm photosynthesis thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb biocenosis. Qhov loj ntawm cov organic teeb meem uas yog tsim rau ib chav tsev ntawm lub sij hawm yog hu ua thawj tsim. Nws tuaj yeem qhia tau ob txoj hauv kev: hauv Joules, lossis hauv cov ntoo qhuav. Kev tsim tawm tag nrho yog nws qhov ntim tsim los ntawm cov kab mob hauv cov nroj tsuag hauv qee lub sijhawm, ntawm tus nqi tas li ntawm cov txheej txheem photosynthesis. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj no yuav mus rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag lawv tus kheej. Qhov seem ntawm cov organic teeb meem yog cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov ecosystem. Nws yog nws leej twg mus noj heterotrophs, uas suav nrog koj thiab kuv.
Puas muaj "kev txwv siab" rau kev tsim khoom thawj zaug?
In luv, yog. Cia wb mus saib sai npaum li cas cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis yog nyob rau hauv txoj cai. Nco qab tias qhov kev siv ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob ncav cuag lub ntiaj teb saum npoo yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw: qhov siab tshaj plaws lub zog rov qab yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm thaj tsam equatorial. Nws txo qis exponentially thaum nws mus txog cov ncej. Kwv yees li ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub hnub ci zog yog cuam tshuam los ntawm dej khov, daus, dej hiav txwv lossis suab puam, thiab nqus los ntawm cov pa hauv huab cua. Piv txwv li, ozone txheej ntawm huab cua absorbs yuav luag tag nrho cov hluav taws xob ultraviolet! Tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm lub teeb uas hits nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv photosynthesis. Yog li kev tsim khoom lom neeg ntawm ecosystems yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub lub zog!
Yuav ua li cas yog theem ob?
Raws li, cov khoom thib ob hu uakev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg siv khoom (uas yog, cov neeg siv khoom) rau qee lub sijhawm. Tau kawg, cov khoom tsim tau ntawm ecosystem nyob ntawm lawv mus rau qhov tsawg dua, tab sis nws yog qhov biomass uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg lub neej. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias theem nrab organics yog cais xam ntawm txhua theem trophic. Yog li, hom ecosystem productivity tau muab faib ua ob hom: thawj thiab theem nrab.
Tus nqi ntawm thawj thiab theem nrab ntau lawm
Raws li koj tuaj yeem twv, qhov piv ntawm biomass rau tag nrho cov nroj tsuag loj yog qhov tsawg. Txawm nyob rau hauv hav zoov thiab swamps, daim duab no tsis tshua muaj tshaj 6.5%. Cov nroj tsuag herbaceous ntau dua hauv zej zog, qhov ntau dua ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov organic thiab qhov sib txawv ntau dua.
Hais txog tus nqi thiab ntim ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj organic
Feem ntau, kev txwv tus nqi ntawm kev tsim cov organic teeb meem ntawm cov hauv paus chiv keeb kiag li nyob ntawm lub xeev ntawm photosynthetic apparatus ntawm cov nroj tsuag (PAR). Qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi ntawm photosynthesis efficiency, uas tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub chaw kuaj mob, yog 12% ntawm tus nqi PAR. Raws li tej yam ntuj tso, tus nqi ntawm 5% yog suav tias yog siab heev thiab xyaum tsis tshwm sim. Nws ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub assimilation ntawm lub hnub tsis tshaj 0.1%.
Pib tsim khoom faib
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias kev tsim khoom ntawm lub ntuj ecosystem yog qhov tsis sib xws thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Tag nrho cov loj ntawm tag nrho cov organic teeb meem uas yog tsim txhua xyoo raunto ntawm lub ntiaj teb, yog hais txog 150-200 billion tons. Nco ntsoov dab tsi peb tau hais txog kev tsim khoom ntawm cov dej hiav txwv saum toj no? Yog li, 2/3 ntawm cov khoom no yog tsim rau hauv av! Cia li xav txog: loj heev, zoo kawg ntim ntawm hydrosphere tsim peb zaug tsawg dua cov organic teeb meem dua li ib feem me me ntawm thaj av, ib feem loj ntawm cov suab puam!
Ntau tshaj 90% ntawm cov organic teeb meem hauv ib daim ntawv lossis lwm yam yog siv los ua zaub mov rau cov kab mob heterotrophic. Tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm lub hnub ci zog yog khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov av humus (nrog rau roj thiab thee, uas tau tsim txawm niaj hnub no). Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm peb lub teb chaws, qhov nce hauv thawj cov khoom siv roj ntsha txawv ntawm 20 centners ib hectare (ze dej hiav txwv Arctic) mus rau ntau tshaj 200 centners ib hectare nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus. Hauv thaj chaw suab puam, tus nqi no tsis pub tshaj 20 c/ha.
Raws li txoj cai, nyob rau tsib lub teb chaws sov ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb, kev siv zog ntawm kev tsim khoom siv tau zoo ib yam, yuav luag: hauv South America, cov nroj tsuag khaws ib thiab ib nrab zaug ntau cov teeb meem qhuav, vim huab cua zoo heev. Nyob ntawd, cov khoom tsim tau ntawm ntuj tsim thiab khoom siv ecosystems yog qhov siab tshaj plaws.
Yuav ua li cas pub rau tib neeg?
Kwv yees li 1.4 billion hectares nyob rau saum npoo ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb yog cov nroj tsuag cog qoob loo uas muab zaub mov rau peb. Qhov no yog kwv yees li 10% ntawm tag nrho cov ecosystems ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Oddly txaus, tab sis tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm cov khoom tshwm sim ncaj qha rau tib neeg cov zaub mov. Txhua yam yog siv los ua cov khoom noj tsiaj thiab mus raucov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam ntau lawm (tsis hais txog kev tsim cov khoom noj khoom haus). Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua lub suab ceeb toom rau lub sijhawm ntev: kev tsim khoom thiab biomass ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb ecosystems tuaj yeem muab tsis pub ntau tshaj 50% ntawm tib neeg cov kev xav tau ntawm cov protein. Yooj yim hais, ib nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov pej xeem nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis protein ntau.
Biocenoses-cov ntaub ntawv tuav
Raws li peb tau hais lawm, cov hav zoov equatorial yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim khoom siab tshaj plaws. Cia li xav txog nws: ntau dua 500 tons ntawm cov khoom qhuav tuaj yeem poob ntawm ib hectar ntawm xws li biocenosis! Thiab qhov no yog deb ntawm qhov txwv. Hauv Brazil, piv txwv li, ib hectare ntawm hav zoov tsim los ntawm 1200 txog 1500 tons (!) ntawm cov organic teeb meem ib xyoos twg! Cia li xav tias: muaj txog li ob centners ntawm organic teeb meem ib square meter! Nyob rau hauv lub tundra ntawm tib cheeb tsam, tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 12 tons yog tsim, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm nruab nrab siv - nyob rau hauv 400 tons. Agricultural lag luam nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nquag siv qhov no: lub productivity ntawm ib tug dag ecosystem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug qab zib. cane teb, uas tuaj yeem sau txog li 80 tons ntawm cov teeb meem qhuav ib hectare, tsis muaj qhov twg tuaj yeem tsim cov qoob loo zoo li no. Txawm li cas los xij, Orinoco thiab Mississippi bays, nrog rau qee thaj chaw ntawm Chad, txawv me ntsis ntawm lawv. Ntawm no, rau ib xyoos, ecosystems "muab tawm" mus txog 300 tons ntawm cov tshuaj ib hectare ntawm cheeb tsam!
Results
Yog li, kev ntsuas kev tsim khoom yuav tsum tau ua raws li cov khoom tseem ceeb. Qhov tseeb yog tias qhov kev tsim khoom thib ob tsis pub ntau tshaj 10% ntawm tus nqi no, nws tus nqi hloov pauv tau zoo heev, thiab yog li kev txheeb xyuas ntxaws.qhov taw qhia no yooj yim ua tsis tau.
