Lub nroog ntawm Smolensk yog ib puag ncig los ntawm cov phab ntsa fortress nrog yees. Feem ntau qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm medieval Russia yog hu ua Smolensk Kremlin, "Necklace ntawm Lavxias teb sab av". Tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm lub fortification tau muaj sia nyob mus rau niaj hnub no, tab sis qhov tseeb no tsuas yog ntxiv rau qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm qhov tseeb rau lub monument keeb kwm.
Los ntawm keeb kwm
Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, ib tug ntoo fortress nrog ib tug earthen rampart muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw. Tab sis nrog kev txhim kho cov phom loj, cov phab ntsa ntoo tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab raws li lawv tau siv los.
Smolensk ib txwm yog qhov chaw ruaj khov tseem ceeb ntawm Russia thiab feem ntau raug tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, yog li cov huab tais ib txwm saib xyuas nws txoj kev txhawb zog. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Fyodor Ioannovich nyob rau hauv 1595, lawv pib tsim nrog tag nrho cov rog ntawm lub Xeev Moscow ib lub pob zeb fortress, uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub npe hu ua lub Smolensk fortress, nrog defensive ces kaum thiab intermediate yees.
Thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm, kev ua haujlwm ntawm 30,000 tus neeg ua haujlwm ntiav tau siv rau hauv qhov kev tsim kho loj heev. Coj qhov noQhov chaw loj loj Fedor Kon. Cov phab ntsa pob zeb tau txhim tsa rau 6 xyoo. Lawv qhov siab ncav cuag 18 m, thickness - 6 m. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, muaj zog dua phab ntsa tsis muaj nyob rau hauv Russia. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm lub perimeter yog 6.5 km. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub phab ntsa, lub yees ntawm lub Smolensk fortress kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 38 daim. Yeej, lawv tau peb-tiered, los ntawm 22 mus rau 33 m siab.
Towers ntawm Smolensk fortress
Lawv tuav qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv Smolensk fortress. Nws yog nrog kev pab ntawm cov qauv no uas koj tuaj yeem ua:
- Saib.
- Longitudinal shelling.
- Gate protection.
- Chaw rau cov tub rog, thiab lwm yam.
Qhov tseeb txaus ntshai: Smolensk fortress tsis muaj ib lub pej thuam zoo ib yam. Qhov siab thiab cov duab ntawm cov yees nyob ntawm qhov nyem thiab qhov chaw. Muaj rooj vag hauv 9 lub tsev. Lub ntsiab tsav tsheb ntauwd yog Frolovskaya. Los ntawm nws nws yog tau mus rau lub peev ntawm lub xeev ntawm Russia. Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub pej thuam "Molokhovskaya", nws qhib txoj kev mus rau Kyiv, Roslavl thiab lwm yam.
Lwm cov yees tau ua kom yooj yim dua. 13 lub tsev ntawd puavleej dawb huv, muaj ib tug duab plaub, 7 lub tuam tsev muaj kaum rau sab thiab 9 lub tsev nyob ib ncig.
Resilience thiab tsis kam ntawm Smolensk fortress
Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog Lavxias-Polish hauv xyoo pua 18th, Smolensk fortress tau rov ua dua, 4 tus yees raug puas tsuaj rau hauv av. Tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem coj nws tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus tam sim ntawd. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub fortress tiv thaiv 3 sieges nrog tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm ntau tshaj peb xyoos. officiallyLub fortress raws li ib tug fort-structure ceased nyob rau hauv 1786. Tag nrho cov artillerymen uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws thiab lawv cov phom raug faib mus rau lwm lub fortress. Tab sis Napoleon dua yuav tsum tau cua daj cua dub Smolensk fortress thiab nws lub rooj vag thiaj li yuav ntes lub nroog. Cov phab ntsa muaj zog tiv thaiv 2-hnub kev ua phem thiab kev tua phom loj ntawm Napoleon cov tub rog hauv xyoo 1812. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov phab ntsa (cov pob zeb dawb) tau tsim los ntawm limestone, uas tau muab los ntawm Konobeevsky chaw txua txiag zeb rau kev tsim cov chaw txua txiag zeb. Lub fortress Smolensk raug kev txom nyem heev thaum lub sij hawm rov qab ntawm Fabkis, nws twb phem puas. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Emperor Napoleon, tag nrho cov yees ntawm lub fortress raug mined. 9 lub tuam tsev tau raug rhuav tshem tag nrho los ntawm kev tawg, thiab cov seem raug tshem tawm thiab tshem tawm los ntawm Cossack corps ntawm ataman M. Platov.
Smolensk fortress nyob rau hauv peacetime
Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis yog kev tsov rog nkaus xwb tau ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Smolensk fortress. Tom qab ua tsov rog nrog Napoleon, xyoo 1820-1830, cov phab ntsa ntawm cov qauv tiv thaiv, uas nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo, tau muab tshem tawm ua cov cib kom rov ua dua lub nroog cov tsev uas raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tsov rog.
Xyoo 1930, Smolensk fortress tau nquag rhuav tshem cov khoom siv rau Stalin txoj kev tsim kho. Nyob rau xyoo tom qab Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, kev tsim kho ntawm lub fortress tau pab kho lub nroog puas tsuaj thiab thaj chaw.
Smolensk Fortress hnub no
Hnub no, tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm Smolensk fortress tau khaws cia - 3.5 km, nws suav nrog 9 ntu ntawm phab ntsa thiab 18 tus pej thuam.
Smolensk fortress yog ib yam khoom ntawm keeb kwmcov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tsoom fwv tseem ceeb. Ntauwd thiab tawg ntawm phab ntsa muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm phab ntsa, 1.5 km ntev, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Smolensk.
Ntau tus neeg ncig tebchaws tau npau taws rau kev hlub nrog Smolensk fortress. Smolensk yog ib lub nroog qub uas muaj ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab architectural monuments.
Lub ntsiab keeb kwm monument ua lub tsev cia puav pheej, lub rooj sib tham thiab cov khoom nyiam rau cov neeg nyiam ua si. Rau cov neeg uas tsis nyiam kev mus ncig ua si, nws raug nquahu kom mus xyuas Thunder Tower, qhov chaw concerts feem ntau muaj nrog kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm cov hnub qub pob zeb, classics, thiab lwm yam.
ib tug neeg mus ncig tebchaws tuaj yeem tuaj xyuas lub pob zeb sib tw, tshwj xeeb yog kev taug kev los ntawm qhov siab ntawm lub nroog uas nco tau, qhuas tus dnieper.
Pyatnitskaya Ntauwd
Tus pej thuam no thiab lub rooj vag ntawm tib lub npe tau rov qab los thiab ua kom tiav. Muaj ib zaug, nws tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog Smolensk los ntawm lub rooj vag "Pyatnitsky". Nyob rau hauv 1812, lawv, zoo li lwm lub rooj vag thiab yees uas tsim lub Smolensk fortress, tau tawg los ntawm Napoleonic pab tub rog. Tom qab ntawd, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Tikhon ntawm Zadonsk tau tsa rau ntawm qhov chaw no. Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv lub "Pyatnitskaya" pej thuam, lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm "Lavxias teb sab vodka" yog qhib, qhov twg txhua leej txhua tus muaj peev xwm saj cov khoom ntawm lub zos distillery thiab kawm txog tej yam tseeb txog kev loj hlob ntawm distillation nyob rau hauv Russia.
Thunder Tower
Ib tug zoo nkauj tshaj yees "Necklaces of the EarthRussian" yog "Thunder". Nws tseem paub los ntawm lwm lub npe:
- "Round".
- "Topinskaya". Thaum muaj ib tug kwj deg nyob pem lub tuam tsev, yog li ntawd nws lub npe.
- "Tupinskaya". Tus pej thuam tsim lub kaum sab xis, tej zaum muab nws lub npe.
Thawj qhov rov qab los - "Thunder" pej thuam ntawm Smolensk fortress tau rov qab los hauv nws daim ntawv qub. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom qhov tshwj xeeb sab hauv ntawm tus pej thuam, taug kev nce toj stairs thiab qhuas tus ntoo dome los ntawm sab hauv.
Qib thib ob ntawm tus pej thuam yog nyob los ntawm kev nthuav qhia uas qhia txog kev tsim kho thiab kev tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab ntawm lub fortress. Cov neeg tuaj saib tau txais lub sijhawm los ntsib nrog cov khoom qub qub ntawm 16th thiab 17th centuries. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no yog nthuav tawm ib tug qauv ntawm lub fortress ntawm Smolensk - tus thawj tsos ntawm lub Smolensk citadel nrog tag nrho cov yees, qhov khoob, rooj vag.
Nyob rau qib thib peb ntawm "Gromovaya" muaj kev nthuav qhia "Kev Sib Tw ntawm Grunwald, 600 xyoo tom qab" nrog cov khoom pov thawj - rov tsim kho cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Smolensk Thawj Tswj Hwm, Golden Horde, thiab lwm yam.
4th tier yog qhov chaw soj ntsuam. Qee lub sij hawm muaj ntau yam kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab kev hais kwv txhiaj muaj nyob ntawm no. Qhov no yog li cas lub tsev khaws puav pheej "Smolensk - daim thaiv ntawm Russia" zoo li, nyob rau hauv lub "Thunder" ntauwd ntawm lub Smolensk fortress.
Kev ncig xyuas ntawm Smolensk fortress yuav tsum pib los ntawm Gromovaya ntauwd, raws li keeb kwm reconstructions feem ntau muaj nyob rau ntawm no, qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem pom cov rooj noj mov dav, cov neeg hnav khaub ncaws medieval thiab Lithuanian warriors.
