Aquifer. Qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:49

Lub aquifer lossis qab ntug yog cov txheej pob zeb uas muaj dej permeability siab. Lawv qhov pores, tawg los yog lwm yam voids yog sau nrog av.

Cov ntsiab lus dav dav

Ob peb lub aquifers tuaj yeem tsim lub aquifer complex yog tias lawv txuas hydraulically. Cov dej yog siv rau kev siv dej hauv hav zoov, rau kev siv dej hauv hav zoov, hauv tib neeg kev lag luam. Thaum lawv tuaj txog saum npoo av, lawv tuaj yeem dhau los ua qhov dej nkag ntawm thaj chaw. Qhov no tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj kev tsim ntawm lowland thiab transitional marshes.

Lub aquifer yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm permeability ntawm pob zeb. Dej permeability nyob ntawm qhov loj thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab nrib pleb sib txuas, qhov hws, nrog rau kev xaiv ntawm pob zeb granules. Qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer tuaj yeem sib txawv: los ntawm 2-4 m("perch dej") thiab mus txog 30-50 m (artesian dej).

Permeable pob zeb muaj xws li:

• gravel;
• pebbles;
• xuab zeb;
• pob zeb tawg thiab mob siab heev.

Kev txav dej

Muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam rau kev txav dej hauv qhov hws:

• gravity;
• hydraulic taub hau;
• capillary rog;
• capillary-osmotic rog;
• adsorption force;
• temperature gradient.

Nyob ntawm cov qauv geological ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm lub aquifer, lawv tuaj yeem ua isotropic raws li kev pom, piv txwv li, dej permeability yog tib yam nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev taw qhia. Pob zeb kuj tseem tuaj yeem yog anisotropic, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv dej permeability nyob rau txhua qhov kev qhia.

Qhov tob ntawm aquifers hauv cheeb tsam Moscow

thoob plaws tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm thaj av Moscow, qhov tob ntawm cov dej hauv av tsis zoo ib yam, yog li ntawd, kom yooj yim ntawm kev kawm nws tau muab faib ua hydrological regions.

Muaj ntau lub aquifers:

• cheeb tsam yav qab teb. Cov dej tuaj yeem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm 10-70 m. Qhov tob ntawm qhov dej hauv cheeb tsam no txawv ntawm 40 m txog 120 m.
• cheeb tsam Southwest. Lub ntug dej hiav txwv tsis muaj ntau. Qhov nruab nrab qhov tob ntawm qhov dej yog 50 m.
• Central District. Qhov no yog qhov loj tshaj plawscheeb tsam cheeb tsam. Nws, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua Loj thiab me. Qhov nruab nrab tuab ntawm lub qab ntug yog 30 m. Cov dej ntawm no yog carbonate, carbonate-sulphate.
• cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj. Qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no yog 20-50 meters. Cov dej feem ntau yog cov ntxhia pob zeb ntau heev thiab yog li tsis tsim nyog rau cov dej.
• Klinsko-Dmitrovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv. Nws suav nrog ob lub qab ntug ntawm sab sauv carbonate: Gzhel thiab Kasimov.
• Privolzhsky koog tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov nruab nrab qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer yog 25 meters.

Nov yog cov lus piav qhia dav dav ntawm cheeb tsam. Hauv kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov dej hauv dej, cov dej ntawm cov txheej txheem, nws cov tuab, qhov tshwj xeeb ntws, cov av ntom ntom, thiab lwm yam.

Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias hydrogeology ntawm thaj av Moscow txawv ib qho dej hiav txwv, uas tau muab faib ua ob peb lub qab ntug ntawm Paleozoic Carboniferous deposits:

• Podolsko-Myachkovsky txheej ntawm Middle Carboniferous;
• Serpukhov aquifer thiab Oka formations ntawm Lower Carboniferous;
• Kashirsky aquifer ntawm nruab nrab Carboniferous;
• Kasimov txheej ntawm Upper Carboniferous;
• Gzhel aquifer ntawm Upper Carboniferous.

Qee lub aquifers muaj dej tsis txaus thiab salinity siab, ua rau lawv tsis haum rau tib neeg kev ua ub no.

Lub aquifer ntawm Serpukhov thiab Oka formations ntawm Lower Carboniferous muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws thickness ntawm 60-70 meters piv rau lwm yam aquifers.

Lub Moscow-Podolsky aquifer tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 45 meters hauv qhov tob, nws qhov nruab nrab tuab yog 25 meters.

Yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer

Sandy aquifer - lub npe yog qhov xwm txheej, vim lub qab ntug no tuaj yeem muaj pebbles, sib xyaw ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab pebbles. Sandy aquifers muaj thicknesses sib txawv, lawv qhov tob kuj txawv.

Yog tias peb xav txog hydrogeology ntawm thaj av Moscow thiab cov cheeb tsam uas nyob ib sab, peb tuaj yeem hais nrog kev ntseeg siab tias cov dej hauv av tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm 3-5 meters, nyob ntawm seb qhov siab ntawm thaj tsam hauv kev kawm. Qhov tob ntawm lub aquifer kuj nyob ntawm qhov chaw nyob ze: dej, pas dej, swamp.

txheej ze tshaj plaws yog hu ua "perch". Nws tsis pom zoo kom siv nws cov dej rau zaub mov, vim tias txheej txheej no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm nag lossis daus, snowmelt, thiab lwm yam, yog li cov khoom tsis zoo tuaj yeem yooj yim tuaj ntawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov dej ntawm "perch water" yog siv rau hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab nws tseem hu ua "kev siv dej".

Cov dej lim zoo yog nyob ntawm qhov tob ntawm 8-10 meters. Nyob rau ntawm qhov tob ntawm 30 meters los yog ntau tshaj, lub thiaj li hu ua "mineral waters" yog nyob rau hauv extraction ntawm cov artesian qhov tau tsim.

Kev txiav txim siab qhov muaj thiab qhov tob ntawm cov dej ntws sab saud yog qhov yooj yim. Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev: siv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis cov hlau, siv lub lauj kaub av nplaum, saibcov nroj tsuag loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw.