Mongolian haiv neeg: keeb kwm, kab lig kev cai

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:49

Txhua lub tebchaws muaj lub sijhawm vam meej thiab poob qis. Ib zaug ib lub teb chaws loj loj uas ncav cuag lub hiav txwv mus rau hiav txwv, tam sim no nws tau poob mus rau ib lub xeev me me uas tsis muaj leej twg nkag mus. Cov neeg Mongolian tam sim no nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws - Mongolia tsim nyog, Russia thiab Tuam Tshoj. Tib lub sijhawm, feem ntau ntawm cov Mongols nyob hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Mongolian haiv neeg yog ib pawg neeg uas muaj feem cuam tshuam los yog siv los hais lus uas yog Mongolian, thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg los ntawm ntau pua xyoo-laus keeb kwm, kab lis kev cai, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua.

Feem ntau, ntau haiv neeg Mongolian uas koom nrog pawg no twb hais cov lus ntawm thaj chaw uas lawv nyob. Qee cov neeg tam sim no yog Iranian hais lus, muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg neeg uas hais lus Tibetan, thiab hauv Is Nrias teb, Hindi thiab Bengali. Tej zaum, yog li ntawd, nws yuav yog qhov tseeb dua los txiav txim siab cov neeg uas koom nrog Mongols raws li kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv xyoo 2014, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg no muaj ntau tshaj Y-chromosomalhaplogroups yog: C -56.7%, O - 19.3%, N - 11.9%

Tibetan Buddhism tau dhau los ua kev ntseeg tseem ceeb, nrog qee lub tebchaws tshwj xeeb. Tom qab kev tsim txom thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm Soviet hwj chim, nws yog tam sim no reviving dua, piv txwv li, 53% ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Mongolia suav lawv tus kheej cov neeg ntseeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau hom kev ntseeg shamanism, Christianity thiab Islam tau dav.

Thaj chaw nyob

Feem ntau ntawm cov Mongols nyob rau sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj, hauv Mongolia thiab Lavxias Federation. Qee cov neeg Mongolian nyob hauv Indian subcontinent thiab Afghanistan.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj ntau tshaj 10 lab tus tib neeg uas yog haiv neeg Mongolian. Kwv yees li 3 lab tus tib neeg nyob hauv Mongolia kom raug, kwv yees li 4 lab nyob hauv Suav cheeb tsam ntawm Inner Mongolia, suav txog kwv yees li 17% ntawm cov pejxeem. Tus so, txog 1.8 lab, nyob hauv Liaoning, Gansu, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Cov neeg Mongolian ntawm Russia (Kalmyks thiab Buryats) nyob hauv cov koom pheej ntawm Kalmykia thiab Buryatia, Trans-Baikal Territory thiab thaj tsam Irkutsk. Tag nrho tus lej yog kwv yees li 650 txhiab.

Cov neeg twg koom nrog pawg Mongolian?

Kev lig kev cai, cov Mongols tau muab faib ua ob peb pawg raws li qhov chaw ntawm thaj chaw nyob:

• Ntau ntau haiv neeg (piv txwv li, Atagans, Barguts thiab Khorkhi-Buryats) thiab ethnoterritorial (piv txwv li, Agin, Barguzin thiab Shenekhen) pawg ntawm Buryats yog nyob rau sab qaum teb.
• Southern (uver - Mongols) nyob hauv lub tebchawshauv Suav Inner Mongolia. Kuj tseem muaj ntau lub kaum ob ntawm lawv, suav nrog, piv txwv li, xws li haiv neeg xws li Avga, Asuts, Baarins, Gorlos thiab Chahars. Cov pab pawg no kuj suav nrog cov neeg nyob hauv Afghanistan thiab Hindustan Peninsula.
• Eastern Mongols (xws li Khalkha Mongols, Sartuls thiab Hotogoi) nyob hauv Mongolia.
• Western Mongols, tseem hu ua Oirats (Dzungars), nyob hauv Russia (Kalmyks), Tuam Tshoj (zoo li Khoshuts) thiab Mongolia (Torghuts).

Etymology

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe ntawm cov neeg Mongolian tsis tau tsim kev ntseeg siab, cov kws tshaj lij ua raws li cov qauv sib txawv. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj kev ncaj ncees heev. Ib qho kev xav uas nrov tshaj plaws yog lo lus "mongol" supposedly los ntawm Mongolian "mong", uas txhais tau hais tias ua siab tawv. Hauv Suav teb thaum ub, lo lus kuj tuaj yeem muab los ntawm Suav lo lus manglu, uas txhais tau tias yog dab.

Lwm yam nrov yog muab lub npe los ntawm hydronym Mang (Mang-kol) los yog lub npe Mang-gan (lub npe pob zeb), uas nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm cov pab pawg neeg. Nomads feem ntau xaiv tsev neeg thiab xeem npe nyob rau hauv txoj kev no. Kuj tseem muaj qhov kev xav ntawm keeb kwm los ntawm lo lus mengu shivei, pab pawg neeg uas nyob hauv lub sijhawm qub ntawm thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Mongolia. Lawv tau muab lub npe hu ua Mang-qoljin-qo, tus legendary progenitor ntawm Borzhigin xeem, uas Chigis Khan tuaj. Raws li lwm version, lo lus "Mongol" yog ib lo lus tsim los ntawm obCov lus Turkic "mengu", uas txhais tau tias tsis txawj tuag, nyob mus ib txhis thiab "kol" - ib pab tub rog.

Thawj zaug

Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias haiv neeg "Mongol" tuaj yeem pom thawj zaug hauv Suav cov ntawv sau:

• nyob rau hauv daim ntawv "meng wu shi wei", ces lub npe ntawm Shiwei Mongols nyob rau hauv "Jiu Tang shu" (phau ntawv "Cov Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm ntawm Tang Dynasty"), suav tias suav ua xyoo 945);
• nyob rau hauv daim ntawv "Meng Wa Bu", pawg Meng Wa yog hais nyob rau hauv New Tang History, compiled around 1045-1060.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam Suav thiab Khitan sau qhov chaw ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, ntau lo lus tau siv los npe rau cov neeg Mongolian, uas tau kis nyob rau hauv hieroglyphs li mengu guo, manga, manguli, meng ku, manguzi.

Russian Mongolian kws tshawb fawb B. Ya. Vladimirtsov muab tso rau ib tug version uas lub npe ntawm cov neeg Mongolian tau muab nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm ib co ancient thiab haib tsev neeg los yog cov neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, lub ancient aristocratic tsev neeg Borjigin, coj los ntawm Khabul Khan, tswj kom subjugate ob peb cov neeg nyob sib ze thiab xeem. Tom qab lawv tau koom ua ke hauv 1130 los ua ib lub koom haum nom tswv, tsim yuav luag ib lub ulus, nws tau muab lub npe Mongol.

Ancient keeb kwm

Thawj lub xeev tsim ntawm Mongols ntawm Peb Dej Dej tau hu ua Khamag Mongol ulus. Raws li qee tus kws tshaj lij, cov neeg Turkic-Mongolian tau nyob hauv lub xeev proto-state. Cov pab pawg neeg hauv zos Mongolian maj mam sib xyaw nrog cov uas tuaj ntawm sab hnub poobTurkic.

Lub hnub qub ntawm lub xeev hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Mongolian tau poob rau xyoo pua 13th, thaum Mongol Empire tau tsim los ntawm Genghis Khan (thiab nws cov tub thiab xeeb ntxwv). Nyob rau hauv nws lub hnub qub, nws nyob thaj chaw ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Tibet mus rau Eastern Europe thiab Middle East. Tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm "shaker ntawm lub ntiaj teb" Khubilai tau tsim lub Yuan dynasty thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th nrog cov peev hauv Beijing thiab Shangdu. Tam sim no cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov tub rog Yuan nyob rau sab qab teb Tuam Tshoj, tsim cov haiv neeg Yunnan Mongols.

keeb kwm niaj hnub

Lub sijhawm txij li xyoo 14th txog rau xyoo 16th, thaj chaw ntawm Mongolia tau faib los ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm Genghis Khan thiab Oirats. Cov pab pawg no nws thiaj li tsim tau lub zog Dzungar Khanate. Tom qab swb ntawm Qing faj tim teb chaws, ib feem ntawm lub Oirats mus rau lub Volga cheeb tsam mus rau lub Kalmyk Khanate. Nws tau tsim los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov neeg ntawm Western Mongols (Torguuds), uas tau tsim lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub Great Steppe nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, lub khanate yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv vassal dependence rau Lavxias teb sab xeev.

Lub xeev Mongolian ywj pheej tshiab tsuas yog tsim xyoo 1911, coj los ntawm Bogdo Khan. Mongolian People's Republic tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1924 thiab hloov npe hu ua Mongolia xyoo 1992. Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, cov Kalmyks thiab Buryats, nrog rau cov Mongols nyob rau hauv Inner Mongolia cheeb tsam ntawm Tuam Tshoj, tau txais lawv lub teb chaws autonomies nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union.

tsev thiab tos txais

kab lis kev cai thiab kev ua neej ntawm ntau haiv neeg Mongolian uas tau nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws tau ntau pua xyoo txawv heev. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau yam xwm txheej thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg Mongolian tau khaws cia. Hauv pej xeemcreativity khaws cia ib txwm muaj nuj nqis, xws li kev hlub rau cov niam txiv, rau lub steppe expanses, kev hlub ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam haujlwm lawv hu nkauj ntawm kev ntshaw rau lawv cov chaw nyob thiab Niam Txiv.

Ib zaug tag nrho cov neeg Mongolian tau nyob hauv ib qho chaw nyob ntawm ntau tus nomads - lub yurt, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub ancient sau monument "Lub zais cia keeb kwm ntawm lub Mongols" nws yog hais tias tag nrho cov Mongols nyob rau hauv lub tsev. Txog tam sim no, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov pej xeem nyob hauv yurts hauv Mongolia, tsis yog tsuas yog nyuj yug tsiaj xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog ntawm lub tebchaws. Thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv tau teeb tsa lub khw, khw noj mov thiab tsev cia puav pheej. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nyuj breeders feem ntau nyob hauv yurts, thiab cov tsev ib txwm siv rau hnub so thiab kev ua koob tsheej.

Kev kho mob yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm pej xeem kev lig kev cai ntawm txhua haiv neeg nomadic thiab tseem tau txais kev tso cai. Raws li ntau tus neeg taug kev sau tseg, yog tias koj mus txog lub yurt qhov twg ib tug neeg nyob hauv, ces koj yuav raug caw tuaj xyuas. Thiab nco ntsoov kho yam tsawg kawg yog tshuaj yej lossis koumiss.

Kev ua haujlwm ib txwm ua thiab zaub mov

Cov neeg Mongolian ib txwm tau koom nrog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm nom tswv. Nyob ntawm thaj chaw, yaj, tshis, nyuj, nees, yaks thiab ntxhuav tau bred. Tom qab ntawd, hauv kev xyaum, kev nyiam yog muab rau tsiaj hom uas tuaj yeem muab tag nrho cov khoom siv raw uas tsim nyog rau kev npaj lub neej txhua hnub. Wool thiab tawv nqaij yog siv los ua vaj tse, khaub ncaws thiab khau, nqaij thiab mis nyuj yog siv hauv Mongolian cuisine.

khoom noj khoom hausnomads, Mongolian thiab Turkic haiv neeg, yog nqaij. Mutton, tshis thiab nqaij nyuj tais diav yog dav. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, yak nqaij tau noj nyob rau hauv roob roob, thiab camel nqaij nyob rau sab qab teb. Cov mis nyuj nyoos tsis tau siv ua ntej, tsuas yog tom qab fermentation lossis fermentation. Raws li cov zaub, uas ib txwm pre-steamed los yog boiled.