Tuam Tshoj, railway. High-speed thiab high- altitude railways ntawm Tuam Tshoj

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Tuam Tshoj, railway. High-speed thiab high- altitude railways ntawm Tuam Tshoj
Tuam Tshoj, railway. High-speed thiab high- altitude railways ntawm Tuam Tshoj

Video: Tuam Tshoj, railway. High-speed thiab high- altitude railways ntawm Tuam Tshoj

Video: Tuam Tshoj, railway. High-speed thiab high- altitude railways ntawm Tuam Tshoj
Video: Xov xwm mus saib lub ntxa suav ua kev tsheb ciav hlau ncaj, tseem yuav muab khawb tawm 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Kev sib txuas lus hauv tsheb ciav hlau hauv Suav teb yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev thauj mus los rau ob qho tib si luv thiab ntev. Txoj kev taug kev infrastructure yog heev tsim thiab zoo. Nws siv ntau xyoo thiab nyiaj txiag los tsim thiab txhim kho nws. Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj muaj kev sib txuas nrog kev thauj mus los ntawm Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Nyab Laj, North Kauslim.

History of the railway

Nyob rau lub sijhawm keeb kwm sib txawv, kev tsim kho kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv Suav teb tau ua ntau txoj hauv kev. Xyoo 1876, thawj kab tau tso, uas txuas nrog Shanghai nrog Wusong.

Tuam Tshoj railway
Tuam Tshoj railway

Xyoo 1881, nws tau txiav txim siab tsim txoj kev kaum-kilometer ntawm thaj tsam Zitang Shanquan mus rau Suige kev sib hais haum. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1876 txog 1911, lub teb chaws tab tom tsim txoj kev, qhov ntev yog 9100 km. Xyoo 1912, thawj lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau raug npaj. Thaum xyoo 1949, qhov ntev ntawm daim ntaub hauv lub tebchaws tau mus txog 26,200 km.

Hauv Suav Teb Qub, kev tsim kho tau ua tiav qeeb, me me thiab tsis zoo. Cov khaub ncaws feem ntau tau muab tso rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Tsis muaj kev tsheb ciav hlau nyob rau sab qab teb hnub poob thiab sab hnub poob ntawm lub tebchaws. Txoj kev tau muab faib ua ntu thiab tswj los ntawm cov koom haum sib txawv.

Raws li Tuam Tshoj Tshiab, Ministry of Railways tau tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv nws lub tuam tsev tag nrho cov kev sib txuas lus kev tsheb ciav hlau tau hloov mus. Ib txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau tsim los rau kev tsim kho thiab kho dua tshiab ntawm txoj kev thiab txuas hniav. Tuam Tshoj tab tom txhim kho, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau loj hlob los ntawm 1996, thiab nws qhov ntev mus txog 64,900 km. Cov chaw nres tsheb tau tsim thiab kho dua tshiab, kev tsim cov tshuab hluav taws xob diesel, hluav taws xob locomotives, cov neeg caij tsheb nce.

Los ntawm 2013, qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau yog 103,144 km. Raws li kev hloov pauv, lub peev xwm thiab kev ceev ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau tau nce. Qhov ntim ntawm cov khoom thauj thiab cov neeg caij tsheb tau nce, thiab qhov ceev ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau tau nce.

high mountain railway nyob rau Suav teb
high mountain railway nyob rau Suav teb

Nyob rau xyoo 2020, nws tau npaj yuav tsim ntau tshaj 120,000 km ntawm txoj kev hauv lub xeev. Ib txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj tab tom tsim rau Khabarovsk. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qhov project tab tom tsim los txuas rau Suav South Xinjiang kab nrog Kyrgyzstan.

Scheme of railway

Tam sim no Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau kev tsheb ciav hlau yog ib qho kev tsim kho tshaj plaws. Qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev hauv lub tebchaws niaj hnub no yog ntau dua 110,000 km. Kev saib xyuas ntau yog them rau kev tsim kho kev tsheb ciav hlau hauv thaj chaw chaw nres nkoj thiab mus rau sab hnub poob, sib sib zog nqus mus rau sab av loj.

Suav railway map
Suav railway map

Puas yog nyob rau Suav tebunevenly, thiab Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau qauv muaj qhov ceev tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qab teb hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws. Txhawm rau npog tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Republic, kev sib txuas ntawm txoj kev nthuav dav, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau qhia.

Train classification

Hauv Suav teb, tus lej tsheb ciav hlau tau qhia los ntawm tsab ntawv loj thiab tus lej. Tsab ntawv qhia txog qeb ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau. Pawg tsheb ciav hlau cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ceev, kev pabcuam, tus lej nres.

  • G-hom tsheb ciav hlau - cov mos txwv ceev, tuaj yeem ncav cuag nrawm txog 350 km / h.
  • Lub tsheb ciav hlau D-hom yog lub tsheb ciav hlau ceev, nws ceev yog ntau tshaj 200 km / h, nws tsuas nres ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb loj ntawm txoj kev. Cov tsheb ciav hlau suav nrog cov tsheb thauj neeg thawj, chav kawm thib ob, muaj cov chaw pw.
  • Z-hom tsheb ciav hlau - taug kev tsis nres, nrawm mus txog 160 km / h, nres ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb loj. Raws li txoj cai, qhov no yog lub tsheb ciav hlau hmo ntuj, nws muaj cov rooj zaum tshwj xeeb thiab cov chav ua haujlwm.
  • T-hom tsheb ciav hlau - nthuav qhia, nws ceev nce mus txog 140 km / h, nws nres hauv nroog loj thiab ntawm chaw nres tsheb thauj mus los. Lub tsheb ciav hlau muaj chaw zaum, lub rooj zaum thiab lub tsheb sib tw.
  • K-hom tsheb ciav hlau - nrawm txog 120 km / h, nres ob lub nroog loj thiab hauv nroog. Nws muaj rooj zaum thiab ob chav tsheb loj.
  • Tsheb ciav hlau yam tsis muaj tsab ntawv - Tsis muaj Prefix, cov no suav nrog cov tsheb ciav hlau qub uas muaj qhov ceev heev.

Chav kawm ntawm tsheb ciav hlau

Tsheb hauv Suav tsheb ciav hlau tuaj yeem muab faib ua 4 hom (chav kawm).

  • Soft pw yog ob lossis plaub lub coupe.
  • Ntxhais pw tsaug zog yog 6-bay coupe.
  • Sib zaum.
  • Havzaum.

Ntawm D-hom tsheb ciav hlau, muaj lub tswv yim ntawm "chaw zaum thib ib thiab thib ob", lawv qhov sib txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev nplij siab ntawm lub rooj.

tsheb ciav hlau ceev

Tuam Tshoj, txhawm rau txhim kho txuas ntxiv mus, yuav tsum tau txav mus sai thiab yooj yim. Rau qhov no, tsoom fwv ntawm lub teb chaws yog ua txhua yam ua tau. Ib qho ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tsim kho vaj tse loj tshaj plaws yog kev tsim kho cov tsheb ciav hlau ceev. Nws muaj qhov dav dav, npog thaj chaw loj ntawm lub tebchaws thiab yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub zog rau kev tsim kho cov kab no yog Olympics xyoo 2007.

railway Tuam Tshoj russia
railway Tuam Tshoj russia

Feem ntau ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ceev hauv Suav teb yog tsim los ntawm kev hla hla - lawv nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov choj ntau pua mais ntev. Qhov nruab nrab lub tsheb ciav hlau ceev yog 200 km / h. Qhov ntev ntawm txoj kev no hauv Suav teb thaum kawg ntawm 2013 muaj txog 15,400 km. Muaj cov ntu ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau uas qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau tuaj yeem ncav cuag 350 km / h.

Hauv Suav teb, muaj kev faib tawm cov kab hauv qab no los ntawm kev nrawm:

  • Regular (100-120 km / h).
  • Mid-speed (120-160 km / h).
  • High Speed (160-200 km/h).
  • siab ceev (200-400 km / h).
  • Kev kub ceev (tshaj 400 km / h).

roob siab

Kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau siab hauv Suav teb tau pib xyoo 1984. Thaum xub thawj, ib qho yooj yim tau paub, thiab txij li xyoo 2001, lawv pib tsim ib ntu nyuaj. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2006, feem ntaulub roob siab tshaj railway nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog Qinghai-Tibet. Nws txuas Tuam Tshoj nrog Tibet, nws ntev yog 1956 km. Ib qhov ntev ntawm 1142 km ntawm txoj kev hla lub roob. Txog 550 km ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau muab tso rau hauv thaj tsam alpine tundra, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev nce mus txog 5072 meters saum hiav txwv theem.

Tuam Tshoj kev kub ceev railway
Tuam Tshoj kev kub ceev railway

Cov neeg caij tsheb thaum mus ncig tsis txhob muaj cov tsos mob ntawm qhov chaw siab, vim cov tsheb thauj neeg raug kaw, thiab huab cua hauv lub tsheb thauj neeg muaj oxygen, muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm hnub ci hluav taws xob.

Nyob hauv thaj tsam alpine tundra, lub tsheb ciav hlau tsiv ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 100 km / h, ntawm qhov seem ntawm txoj kev, lub tsheb ciav hlau txav ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 120 km / h.

Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj mus rau Tibet muab kev sib txuas lus ruaj khov ntawm cov xeev. Kev yooj yim thiab kev nkag ceev tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias nws muaj koob meej tsis yog rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws no xwb, tab sis kuj rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws.

Railways ntawm Hainan Island

Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ceev tau tsim tsis tau tsuas yog hauv thaj av loj, tab sis kuj nyob ntawm cov Islands tuaj. Lawv kev tsim kho ntawm cov kob ntawm Hainan yog nthuav thiab tshwj xeeb. Txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau ntawm thaj av no yog lub nplhaib, uas tau muab faib ua sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Qhov ntev ntawm lub nplhaib yog 308 km. Nws kev tsim kho nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm cov kob tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm nyuaj ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II. Nws tau ua piecemeal. Txoj haujlwm kawg tau ua tiav xyoo 2004. Nyob rau hauv 2006-2007, nws underwed modernization, thiab tam sim no nws ua hauj lwm rau tsheb ciav hlau nrog ib tug ceev ntawm 120-160 km / h. Xyoo 2007, kev sib txuas tshwm simrailway ntawm cov kob nrog lub mainland los ntawm ferry.

Kev tsim kho kab nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov kob pib thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 2007, xaus rau xyoo 2010, thiab tib lub xyoo thib ob ntawm lub nplhaib tau ua haujlwm.

kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj
kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj

Ntawm Suav Railways

Hauv Suav teb, muaj kev tswj hwm tshwj xeeb rau kev nkag mus rau lub platform. Koj tuaj yeem mus rau lub tsheb ciav hlau tsuas yog thaum lub sijhawm xa khoom. Ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb nws hla tsis nres, tsuas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm chaw nres tsheb tuaj yeem pom.

Tuam Tshoj muaj kev thauj mus los tsis zoo nrog cov tebchaws nyob sib ze. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias muaj ib txoj kev los ntawm txoj kev thiab kev ua haujlwm infrastructure, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj raug kaw, thiab ciam teb yuav tsum tau hla ntawm ko taw.

Yuav daim pib tsheb ciav hlau kuj muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Txhua daim pib hauv Suav teb tsuas yog muag nrog cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas. Ib tug qhua ntawm lub tebchaws tuaj yeem yuav daim pib nkaus xwb ntawm lub thawv ntawv. Yuav tsum muaj daim npav ID Suav thaum yuav los ntawm lub tshuab.

Yuav luag tsis muaj kev pabcuam hauv lub tebchaws.

chaw nres tsheb hauv nroog

Suav railway chaw nres tsheb muaj cov qauv tsim thiab zoo ib yam. Qhov kev zam tsuas yog cov qub platforms hauv cov zos me lossis cov nroog uas muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los.

kev tsim kho tsheb ciav hlau hauv Suav teb
kev tsim kho tsheb ciav hlau hauv Suav teb

chaw nres tsheb tshiab yog tsim nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm cov chaw nyob. Cov kev tsheb ciav hlau uas twb muaj lawm raug tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw, cov tsev qub raug rhuav tshem lossis rov tsim kho dua tshiab. Suav chaw nres tsheb tuaj yeem muab piv nrogtshav dav hlau - lawv loj, nruab nrog infrastructure thiab muaj ntau theem.

Hauv Suav teb, nws tsis tuaj yeem mus rau qhov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau yam tsis muaj daim pib, tsuas yog qee qhov kev txwv tsis pub dhau. Tab sis ntawm cov chaw qub qub, koj tuaj yeem tau txais ntawm lub platform ua ntej boarding; rau qhov no, koj yuav tsum tau yuav daim pib tshwj xeeb ntawm lub thawv ntawv. Nws muab txoj cai nyob rau ntawm lub platform, tab sis tsis yog nce lub tsheb ciav hlau.

Russia-China

Paving txoj hauv kev hauv Suav teb yog keeb kwm txuas nrog Russia. Xyoo 1897, kev tsim kho pib ntawm Suav Eastern Railway (CER), uas yog sab qab teb ntawm Trans-Siberian Railway. Nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1917 txog 1950, vim yog kev ua tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv, nws tau pauv mus rau Tuam Tshoj thiab tsis muaj nyob. Nws tshwm sim xyoo 1952. Hloov chaw, Suav Changchun Railway tau tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv qhia ntiaj teb.

high speed rail nyob rau hauv Suav teb
high speed rail nyob rau hauv Suav teb

Nyob rau yav tom ntej, txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Tuam Tshoj-Russia yuav tau txais koob meej. Ib qhov project tab tom tsim rau Eurasian High-Speed Transport Corridor, uas yuav txuas Beijing nrog Moscow. Cov kev yuav dhau los ntawm thaj chaw Kazakhstan, lub sijhawm taug kev ntawm lawv yuav siv sijhawm ob hnub.

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