Cov ntawv Aramaic tau siv los sau cov ntawv sau ua lus Aramaic, uas tau siv rau kev lag luam kev lag luam hauv Middle East txij li xyoo 1000 BC. e. thiab mus txog 1000 AD. e. Nws los ntawm Phoenician tsab ntawv. Txij li thaum lub evolution ntawm ib tug mus rau lwm qhov yog ib tug tas mus li txheej txheem rau txog 2000 xyoo, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau cais lawv mus rau hauv cais Phoenician thiab Aramaic blocks. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv tau pib nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 8 BC. Cov ntawv siv nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe thiab Mediterranean yog hu ua Phoenician, thiab ib qho siv nyob rau hauv Middle East, Central thiab South Asia yog hu ua Aramaic.
Persian Empire lus
Aramaic yog hom lus ntawm Achaemenid Empire los ntawm 5th mus rau xyoo pua 3 BC. e. Nws tau siv nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Macedonia, Iraq, qaum teb Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon, Syria thiab qee qhov chaw. Egypt. Cov ntawv Aramaic muaj ntau heev uas nws tau dim ntawm lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Persian Empire thiab txuas ntxiv siv mus txog rau xyoo pua 2 AD. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 3, lwm cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv no, uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm Syriac, Nabataean thiab Pamir scripts.
Daim ntawv hloov pauv tsawg kawg ntawm Persian Aramaic yog tam sim no siv hauv Hebrew. Cov lus hais lus Hebrew tau tsim nyob rau thawj ib puas xyoo CE. e., tab sis nws tsuas yog siv rau hauv lub voj voog nqaim xwb. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, cursive, tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Nabataean nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, sai sai tau los ua tus qauv thiab tau siv nyob rau hauv lub tsim Arabic tsab ntawv. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum ntxov ntawm Islam.
Aramaic tsab ntawv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws kev sau
Aramaic tau sau los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug, nrog rau qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov lus. Cov kab ke abjad tau siv: txhua tus nees nkaum ob tsab ntawv sawv cev rau tus lej. Txij li thaum kev txhais lus ntawm qee cov lus tsis meej thaum cov lus tsis tau sau rau hauv, Aramaic cov kws sau ntawv tau pib siv qee cov lus uas twb muaj lawm los qhia cov lus ntev (thawj kawg ntawm cov lus, tom qab ntawd sab hauv). Cov tsiaj ntawv uas muaj ob lub cim / lub suab ua haujlwm yog hu ua matres lectionis. Cov tsiaj ntawv waw thiab yudh tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li tus lej [w] thiab [j] lossis cov suab lus ntev [u/o], [i/e], feem. Ib yam li ntawd, tsab ntawv "alaf" sawv cev rau tus consonant [ʔ] thaum pib ntawm ib lo lus, los yog ib tug ntev vowel [a/e] lwm qhov.
Lwm yam ntawm Aramaiccov ntawv yog muaj ib ntu kos npe los qhia cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntawv. Aramaic orthography yog heev systematic. Feem ntau qhov kev sau ntawm cov lus qhia txog lawv cov lus qhia meej dua li lawv cov lus.
Cov saum toj no yog daim duab ntawm tsab ntawv Aramaic. Qhov no yog ib phau ntawv tsis tshua muaj, uas yog ib phau ntawv Syriac qub txog Rikin Al Kiddas (lub hwj chim dawb huv). Nws kuj muaj ib tsab ntawv sau ua lus Arabic thiab sau tseg tias phau ntawv no tau yuav los ntawm Abraham Ben Jacob.
Aramaic offshoots
Aramaic yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau yam tsiaj ntawv uas thaum kawg tuaj siv los ntawm ntau haiv neeg nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Ib qho piv txwv yog square Hebrew tsab ntawv.
Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Aramaic yog Nabataean, uas thaum kawg hloov mus rau hauv cov ntawv Arabic, hloov cov ntawv qub Arabian xws li South Arabic thiab Thamudic.
Ntxiv rau, nws yog tsab ntawv Aramaic uas ntseeg tau tias muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov ntawv hauv Is Nrias teb. Ntau tus cim hauv Kharosty thiab Brahmi scripts dais ib co zoo li cov tsiaj ntawv hauv cov tsiaj ntawv Aramaic. Nws tsis paub meej tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm Indian thiab Aramaic yog dab tsi, tab sis qhov kawg tau paub tseeb nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob Is Nrias teb, thiab qee qhov cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv South Asia.
Lwm ceg tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv Aramaic yog Pahlavi tsab ntawv, uas dhau los tsim Avestan thiab Sogdian. Tsab ntawv Sogdian,uas yog siv nyob rau hauv Central Asia tau branched rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv Uighur, Mongolian thiab Manchu.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, hom lus Aramaic yog hom hauv paus hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho kev sau ntawv hauv Asia. Nws spawned systems of notation siv los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv loj heev txawv thaj chaw.
Modern Aramaic
Hnub no, cov ntawv hauv phau Vajlugkub, suav nrog Talmud, tau sau ua lus Henplais. Syriac thiab Neo-Aramaic dialects yog sau siv cov tsiaj ntawv Syriac.
Vim yuav luag tiav tus kheej ntawm Aramaic thiab cov tsiaj ntawv Hebrew classical, cov ntawv Aramaic hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb feem ntau yog ntaus hauv tus qauv Hebrew.
Dreidel ntawv
Dreidel yog qhov siv sab saum toj siv rau kev ua si thaum lub caij Hanukkah Success. Nws muaj plaub tsab ntawv Hebrew/Aramaic rau nws: shin, hav, gimel, nun/gamal, heh, tav su, pe.
Kev cai ntawm kev ua si dreidel yog raws li cov lus dab neeg hais tias nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Maccabees, thaum cov menyuam yaus cov neeg Yudais raug txwv tsis pub kawm Torah, lawv tseem hla qhov txwv thiab kawm. Thaum cov nom tswv Greek tuaj txog, lawv muab lawv phau ntawv pov tseg thiab twirl lawv saum, thov lawv tsuas yog ua si xwb.
Cov ntawv ntawm lub dreidel yog thawj tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv cov lus Henplais, lub ntsiab lus "ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim nyob rau ntawd", uas yog, hauv tebchaws Ixayees. Hauv cov neeg Ixayees, tsab ntawv "pe" (rau lo lus Henplais "po", txhais tau tias "no") hloov tsab ntawv shin los piav txog "qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb uas tau tshwm sim ntawm no."
