Cov khoom khib nyiab hauv tsev yog cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv (nrog rau lawv cov khoom tawg) uas tau poob lawv cov khoom qub thiab raug muab pov tseg los ntawm tus tswv. Nrog rau cov khoom siv khib nyiab, lawv ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau ib puag ncig thiab yuav tsum tau rov ua dua.
Cov pov tseg hauv tsev tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau qhov xwm txheej ib puag ncig zuj zus xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov nqi ntxiv uas cuam tshuam nrog nws cov khoom sau thiab pov tseg. Raws li cov nroog loj tuaj, cov nqi no nce. Txhawm rau daws cov teeb meem nrog MSW hauv ntiaj teb, ntau yam thev naus laus zis rau lawv cov txheej txheem tau tsim. Cov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws hauv ib puag ncig thiab thev naus laus zis yog kev sib cais ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv nroog thiab lawv cov khoom siv tom qab siv los ua cov khoom siv thib ob.
Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khib nyiab hauv nroog
Cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog yog qhov teeb meem txaus ntshai. Kev ua qias tuaj ntawm thaj chaw nrog ntau hom khib nyiab yog dav yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm nws yog tawg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb nto nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm fragments los yog pawg (dumps). Cov khib nyiab kuj nkag mus rau hauv cov dej hauv ntiaj tebdej hiav txwv.
Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm MSW yog cov khoom siv roj thiab roj. Lawv yog cov ruaj khov polymeric tebchaw nrog ib nrab-lub neej ntev. Qhov feem ntau cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm lawv yog polyvinyl chloride (PVC), uas yog txuam nrog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm chlorine hauv nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Kev tsim kho pov tseg, piv rau cov polymers, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau ib puag ncig.
Kev pheej hmoo ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog MSW
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog ntawm biosphere muaj ntau haiv neeg, loj thiab yuav luag txhua qhov tsis zoo. Cov kev xaiv rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm MSW rau ib puag ncig yog raws li hauv qab no:
- Kev kis kab mob hauv ntiaj teb nrog cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev. Cellophane hnab thiab lwm yam khoom pov tseg hauv tsev yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag, ua rau kom txo qis hauv cov khoom siv roj ntsha, tus nqi ntawm cov av tsim. Cov khib nyiab hauv tsev hauv dej, dej hiav txwv thiab hiav txwv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm evaporation ntawm cov dej.
- Kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig los ntawm cov khoom lwj ntawm MSW. Qhov no yog qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws ntawm ib puag ncig cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev. Thaum cov polymers tawg, cov tshuaj lom neeg raug tso tawm uas lom cov av thiab dej hauv av. Tsis muaj teeb meem tsawg yog cov khoom ntawm lawv cov combustion. Ntau qhov chaw pov tseg tas li haus luam yeeb, ua rau huab cua tsis zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj chaw muaj neeg coob. Cov khoom siv phom sij tshaj plaws thiab MSW tshwj xeeb combustion khoom yog dioxin, uas tau tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm combustion ntawm PVC cov khoom. Nws raug suav hais tias yog cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg tshaj plaws uas paub txog kev tshawb fawb. Hmoov zoo, ntimKev tso tawm ntawm dioxin los ntawm kev sib txuas tsis yog loj txaus ua rau muaj tshuaj lom, txawm li cas los xij, nws txoj kev koom tes rau tag nrho cov pa phem yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.
Ntxiv rau cov khoom lag luam polymer degradation thiab combustion khoom, ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev, cov hlau hnyav, asbestos los ntawm cov slates, hydrocarbons thiab ntau lwm yam tseem ua rau tag nrho cov pa phem. Qhov tshwm sim tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav:
- Tuag tsiaj thiab ntses. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov noog thiab ntses tuaj yeem noj cov khoom yas me me, qee zaum ua rau lawv tuag vim qhov sib txuam ntawm cov khib nyiab no hauv lub plab zom mov. Tsiaj txhu uas pub rau hauv qhov chaw pov tseg kuj muaj kev pheej hmoo, vim tias muaj kev phom sij ntau heev.
- Txoj kev tu cev tsis zoo. Cov khib nyiab feem ntau dhau los ua chaw yug tsiaj rau cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem nqa mus rau lwm qhov chaw los ntawm cov nas nyob ntawd.
- Poob qhov kev thov kom zoo nkauj ntawm thaj chaw. Ua hauv cov khib nyiab hauv tsev tsis yog rau txhua tus. Cov tsos mob tsis zoo, ntxhiab tsw, muaj feem yuav kis tau tus kab mob, muaj kuab paug ntawm cov dej hauv cov dej ntws - tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem ua rau kev ua si sab nraum zoov.
- Climate impact. Cov yeeb yaj kiab yas thiab iav thaiv cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob los ntawm lub ntiaj teb, ua rau lub tsev cog khoom hauv zos thiab qhov kub ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo. Cov khib nyiab loj loj yog qhov muaj zog ntawm methane, uas nkag mus rau hauv cov huab cua, txhim kho cov nyhuv tsev cog khoom.
- Txiav av. Landfills ua rau txo qhov chaw dawb uas tuaj yeem siv raukev tsim kho, tsim cov squares lossis chaw ua si. Qhov teeb meem no tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ze lub nroog loj thiab nruab nrab.
Kev faib cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog
Tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke rau kev faib cov khib nyiab hauv nroog. Thaum pib, MSW yog ib qho loj loj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog yog cov tshuaj sib txawv heev thiab cov khoom siv lub cev. Feem ntau ntawm MSW yog: hlau, yas, iav, ntoo, ntawv thiab duab los qhia. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, kev faib cov khoom pov tseg yog lub hauv paus rau kev pov tseg thiab rov ua dua tshiab. Hauv tebchaws Russia, lawv tseem muab pov tseg rau hauv ib pawg thiab tom qab ntawd khaws cia ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg.
Kev pov tseg hauv tsev
MSW pov tseg suav nrog kev siv ntau txoj hauv kev. Txoj hauv kev uas niaj hnub no siv los pov tseg cov khib nyiab hauv nroog yog:
- Mechanical processing.
- Kev faus cov khib nyiab hauv nroog ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg (landfills).
- khib nyiab.
- Kev rov ua dua tshiab.
- Siv biotechnology.
Kev tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg yog ib txwm muaj thiab muaj kev phom sij tshaj plaws rau "pov tseg" ntawm MSW. Hauv peb lub tebchaws, nws tseem tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb.
txhawm rau txo qhov ntim ntawm cov pov tseg hauv qhov chaw pov tseg, lawv feem ntau tau teeb tsa hluav taws, uas ua rau muaj kev sib kis ntawm cov khoom phom sij tshaj qhov chaw loj thiab ua kom tsis zoo.huab cua zoo. Cov khoom lag luam tawm thaum lub sij hawm hlawv ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tsw qab thiab muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv. Qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg hauv peb lub tebchaws tau nce ntxiv.
Recycling
Tam sim no, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev pov tseg. Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas pab kom rov siv cov khoom pov tseg hauv nroog yog:
Mechanical processing yog txheej txheej txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm rau kev sib tsoo, nias, briquetting. Tag nrho cov no ua rau compaction thiab txo qhov ntim ntawm cov khib nyiab mus txog 10 zaug, uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau kev thauj thiab khaws cia. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no tsuas yog ua kom yooj yim cov teeb meem ntawm kev pov tseg, tab sis tsis daws nws kiag li
- Kev sib xyaw cov khoom pov tseg suav nrog kev tsim cov khoom pov tseg thiab cov khoom lag luam pov tseg. Hauv thawj theem, cov khoom pov tseg tau muab faib raws li hom khoom siv (iav, yas, hlau, thiab lwm yam), thiab xa mus rau kev ua haujlwm rau kev cob qhia tsim nyog. Txoj kev pov tseg no tso cai rau koj tshem tawm feem ntau ntawm MSW thiab tau txais cov khoom siv thib ob.
- Txoj kev ua cov txheej txheem lom neeg ua rau nws tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm cov pov tseg kom nkag tau yooj yim tshaj plaws rau kev decomposition ntawm cov kab mob organic, uas hloov mus rau hauv lub npe hu ua biohumus. Rau qhov no, siv cov kab mob kab mob liab California kab mob.
Briquetting
Briquetting yuav tsum tau ua tom qab rho tawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua. Cov khib nyiab seem yog mechanicallycompacted thiab ntim. Cov briquettes tsim tau yooj yim dua hauv kev khaws cia, kev thauj mus los thiab pov tseg.
Composting yog ib txoj kev ua lom neeg ntawm kev ua, uas cov khib nyiab pov tseg los ntawm kev tsim cov pob zeb hauv av. Nyob ntawm theem ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, lub sijhawm tsim cov chiv yog los ntawm 2-10 lub lis piam mus rau 1-3 xyoos.
Recycling khib nyiab
Cov khoom khaws cia zoo tshaj plaws tau rov qab los, rov qab mus rau qhov zoo thiab rov siv dua. Qhov kev coj ua no tseem ua haujlwm hauv qee lub nroog Lavxias. iav, hlau, txhuas thiab lwm yam hlau yog yaj thiab tuaj yeem rov qab siv dua. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv pov tseg kuj tuaj yeem rov ua dua.
Kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov yas los ntawm cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev tsis tau ua hauv tebchaws Russia, vim nws suav tias tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb lub teb chaws muaj cov roj thiab roj ntau, uas muab cov ntaub ntawv raw zoo dua.
Cov khoom khib nyiab incineration
Kev tua cov khib nyiab tso cai rau koj tshem tawm cov khib nyiab loj, tab sis nws kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo. Thaum cov yas hlawv, cov khoom tsis zoo nkag mus rau hauv cov huab cua, cov tshuaj lom tshaj plaws yog dioxin.
Vim li no, cov teb chaws tsim kho tam sim no tau tshem tawm txoj kev pov tseg no. Ib qho ntxiv ntawm kev ua qias tuaj thaum lub sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm MSW yog qhov emission ntawm soot, tshauv thiab tsim ntawm unburned fragments, uas tuaj yeem suav rau ib feem peb ntawm thawj qhov ntim ntawm tsev neeg pov tseg. Tag nrho lawv muaj ntau duaCov chav kawm muaj kev phom sij ntau dua li cov MSW qub, thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tau muaj kev ruaj khov thiab pov tseg ntau dua.
Yuav kom cov khib nyiab pov tseg kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau npaum li qhov ua tau, tau sim ua nyob rau sab hnub poob los siv nws los ua qhov hluav taws xob thiab cua sov. Qhov no txo qhov kev xav tau ntawm fossil hom. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev koom tes zoo li no yog cov khib nyiab incineration cog hauv Vienna. Lawv siv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no, ua tsaug uas cov txheej txheem hlawv yuav nyab xeeb dua.
Tsev khaws khoom pov tseg hauv RF
Nyob rau hauv Russia, kev tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg los ntawm cov nroog hauv nroog yog tswj hwm los ntawm tsab xov xwm 13 ntawm txoj cai lij choj ntawm "kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv pov tseg." Cov thawv ntim hlau txheem (khoom khib nyiab) yog siv los sau cov khib nyiab hauv tsev. Qhov kev xyaum no tau ua haujlwm txij li lub sijhawm Soviet.
Feem ntau ib lub thoob khib nyiab tso rau hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov tsev nyob. Tam sim no, tau sim los npaj cov khoom pov tseg cais, uas tau muab rau raws li Tshooj 13 ntawm txoj cai saum toj no. Kev faib tawm yog ua rau cov hauv qab no: ntim yas, textiles, ntawv, iav, hlau, organic cog pov tseg. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no, xws li kev sib cais ntawm cov khib nyiab tsis tau txais kev qhia loj rau hauv kev xyaum txhua hnub.
Kev tshem tawm cov khib nyiab hauv nroog
Rau kev thauj cov khoom pov tseg, tsheb tshwj xeeb yog siv - tsheb thauj khoom khib nyiab. Lawv txawv raws li hauv qab no:
- los ntawm daim ntawv thov: cov tshuab siv hauv thaj chaw nyob thiab kev thauj mus los,tsim los ua haujlwm nrog cov khib nyiab loj (loj-loj khib nyiab);
- los ntawm lub cev ntim;
- by loading method;
- like mechanical khib nyiab compaction;
- by the nature of MSW unloading.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev thauj mus los yog tshem tawm cov khib nyiab hauv nroog mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg. Hauv cov nroog loj, kev pov tseg cov khib nyiab yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm qhov kev ncua deb uas lub tsheb yuav tsum tsis tu ncua.
Kev khaws cia thiab khaws cia ib ntus
Nyob hauv peb lub teb chaws, kev sau cov khib nyiab hauv nroog yog qhov kim tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov khoom pov tseg. Qhov kev ncua deb uas lub tsheb thauj khoom khib nyiab yuav tsum tau mus rau hauv lub nroog loj thiab cov khib nyiab loj heev uas tsim los ua rau nws tsim nyog los ntsuas kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb rau kev npaj cov txheej txheem sau. Rau tib lub laj thawj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau nce tus nqi rau kev sau cov khib nyiab rau cov koom haum raug cai. Cov khoom pov tseg ntau ntxiv yog txuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov chaw muag khoom, thiab cov nyiaj rau kev tshem tawm cov khib nyiab feem ntau tsis txaus.
Ib qho kev daws teeb meem yog tsim cov chaw cia nruab nrab rau cov khoom pov tseg, los ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg loj tuaj yeem thauj mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg siv ntau lub tsheb, suav nrog tsheb ciav hlau.
Txoj hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom pov tseg hauv tsev
Thaum txheeb cais pov tseg, qee feem yog cais tawm ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, uas tuaj yeem xa mus rau rov ua dua. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, siv cov hauv qab no:
- Magnetickev sib cais. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev siv cov hlau nplaum muaj zog uas nyiam cov hlau nplaum ferrous. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rov qab yog kwv yees li 90% ntawm tag nrho cov hlau loj hauv cov khib nyiab.
- Electrodynamic sib cais. Nws yog siv los tshem tawm aluminium, bronze, tooj dag. Tus nqi rov qab tshaj 80%.
- Aerodynamic sib cais yog siv los tshem tawm cov polymers thiab ntawv ntawm tag nrho cov khoom pov tseg. Txoj kev no muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim kom muaj huab cua muaj zog, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom sib zog sib cais los ntawm qhov hnyav.
- Ballistic sib cais yog raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov nrawm thiab kev taw qhia ntawm qhov chaw nrog cov khib nyiab, uas tso cai rau koj cais cov khoom elastic ntawm cov kua nplaum ntau dua. Txoj kev no siv tau los tshem cov iav thiab qee qhov khib nyiab.
Txawm tias muaj kev txhim kho tas li ntawm cov txheej txheem pov tseg, cov khoom pov tseg tau nce 3% txhua xyoo.
