Kab ntawm Russia: hom thiab piav qhia

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 07:45

Lawv kov yeej txhua qhov chaw nyob (tshwj tsis yog dej hiav txwv thiab hiav txwv), hloov mus rau qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm kev muaj sia nyob. Lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob txhua qhov chaw: hauv nroog, hav zoov, steppes, swamps, suab puam thiab taiga. Cov tib neeg muaj kev sib koom ua ke tsim cov chav kawm dav tshaj plaws - kab, uas nyob rau hauv lawv hom kev sib txawv thiab kev nplua nuj tshaj tag nrho lwm yam tsiaj hauv ntiaj teb. Thiab nws yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no uas tau muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus sib txuas, hauv nws cov txheej txheem tsis yooj yim tshaj plaws, nrog rau kev tsim cov av, cog pollination thiab kev huv ib puag ncig.

Ancient organism

Kev txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm ntawm cov kab kab rau cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyuaj me ntsis. Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb yog qhov tsis muaj pob txha ntawm lawv kom paub txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm phylogenetic. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, raws li kev sib piv morphological, centipedes tau suav hais tias muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov kab. Tab sis kev tsim kho ntawm phylogeny (txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub sijhawm) thiab cov kev tshawb fawb morphological tsis ntev los no tau qhia tias kab yog ze rau crustaceans, thiab tsis yog centipedes.

Crustaceans paub los ntawm sedimentsThaum ntxov ntawm lub sijhawm Cambrian (txog 541 lab xyoo), thaum kab muaj nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv paleontological nkaus xwb hauv Devonian system (txog 419 lab xyoo). Qhov kev xav ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm los ntawm ib tug poj koob yawm txwv muaj ib lub sij hawm ncua ntawm ntau tshaj 100 lab xyoo, nyob rau hauv uas kab yuav tsum muaj twb muaj lawm. Tsis ntev los no morphological kev sib piv thiab evolutionary reconstructions raws li genomic sequences paub meej tias kab yog tiag tiag pom tias yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm crustaceans. Raws li kev txheeb xyuas, kab tawm los ntawm crustaceans thaum ntxov Devonian (los yog Silurian lig). Qhov kev txiav txim siab no yog ua raws li ob qho tib si paleontological cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov molecular moos kwv yees.

Progressive Group

Niaj hnub fauna, raws li ntau qhov chaw, thaj tsam ntawm 900 txhiab txog 2 lab hom kab. Qee qhov kev kwv yees qhia tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsiaj uas twb muaj lawm tuaj yeem ncav cuag 5 lab lossis ntau dua. Muaj txhua qhov laj thawj los ntseeg tias cov nuj nqis no yuav yog qhov tseeb, muab qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab ntawm cov kab mob tshiab tau tshwm sim tam sim no. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia, kab muaj kwv yees li ntawm 70,000 txog 100,000 hom.

Cov kab ntawm kab sawv cev rau cov tsiaj hauv av, raws li txoj cai, ntawm qhov loj me, uas lub cev muaj qhov sib faib meej rau hauv lub taub hau, hauv siab thiab lub plab, thiab cov ceg ceg loj (3 khub) siv rau kev txav mus los. nyob rau thaj tsam thoracic. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua pa yog ua los ntawm kev siv lub tracheal system los yog tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub cev (daim tawv nqaij). Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov chav kawm no txawv ntawm lub cev kev teeb tsa, qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm lub qhov muag, qhov loj ntawm lub kav hlau txais xov, thiab lwm yam nta. Tshwj xeeb, lawv qhov sib txawv ci ntsa iab yog pom nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav thiab cov ceg. Piv txwv li, lub qhov ncauj ntawm May beetles yog gnawing, thaum cov yoov tshaj cum yog tho-nqus; los yog hind libs nyob rau hauv grasshoppers dhia, thiab nyob rau hauv ua luam dej beetles lawv ua luam dej. Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov mus rau qee yam kev nyob.

Los ntawm 40 qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kab, 5 qhov loj tshaj plaws yog qhov txawv, uas cov neeg sawv cev tseem nyob hauv Russia: kab (nplooj kab, ladybug, stag), Diptera (midges, horseflies, yoov tshaj cum), Lepidoptera lossis butterflies (kab kab mob, Meadow npauj, chav npauj), hemipterans lossis kab kab (nplooj kab, kab laum, kab kab Siberian cruciferous) thiab hymenoptera (wasp, muv, bumblebee).

Beetles yog pab pawg coob tshaj plaws tsis yog ntawm cov kab xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj sia nyob hauv dav dav. Qhov kev txiav txim muaj ntau dua 400 txhiab hom, thiab ntau pua tus neeg nrhiav pom tshiab tau ntxiv txhua xyoo, yog li nws nyuaj heev los muab qhov kev ntsuas tseeb. Beetles muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov latitudes, tshwj tsis yog Antarctica thiab lub roob siab tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv Russia, kab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no yog sawv cev los ntawm 14 txhiab hom los ntawm 155 tsev neeg.

Raws li lub npe ntawm cov khoom xa tawm, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov kab yog qhov muaj zog tawv elytra (elytra), tsim los ntawm ob sab qaum ntawm tis. Tus thawj armor bearskev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm membranous qis tis thaum lub sijhawm cov feeb thaum cov kab tsis nyob hauv davhlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws cov elytra yog nyob ze rau ib leeg, tsim ib txoj kab suture. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub cev ntawm cov kab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub taub hau thiab pronotum, muaj chitinous txheej.

Qhov kev txiav txim no tsis muaj kev sib tw ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov duab, qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab xim. Lawv cov neeg sawv cev zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog: ladybugs, av beetles, bark beetles, weevils, rhinoceros beetles, Colorado beetles, dung beetles thiab ntau lwm tus. Cov kab no tuaj yeem muaj qhov loj me ntawm tsawg dua 1 hli (wingfly) txog 9 cm (txiv neej stag beetle).

Diptera xaj

Raws li cov naj npawb ntawm hom, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kab no yog qib plaub, tawm hauv Coleoptera, Lepidoptera thiab Hymenoptera. Lub npe "Diptera" hais txog lub ntsiab feature ntawm lub detachment: lub preservation ntawm ib tug ob peb pem hauv ntej ntawm tis. Cov khub thib ob tau hloov kho nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm evolution thiab tam sim no sawv cev los ntawm club-zoo li tus outgrowths (h alteres). Tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb tau piav txog 200 txhiab hom Diptera los ntawm 150 tsev neeg. Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia, cov neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib cais yog: yoov tshaj cum, yoov tshaj cum, midges, horseflies thiab gadflies.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim Diptera muaj ntau yam xim, qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab lub cev duab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov duab ntawm lub cev tuaj yeem yog oblong thiab slender, lossis compactly luv, xws li hauv qee hom kab mob cab. Tab sis txawm tias muaj ntau haiv neeg, Diptera muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws: cov neeg laus muaj qhov nqus los yog licking hom ntawm qhov ncauj.apparatus (proboscis), tsim compound ob lub qhov muag, nyias rhiab npog thiab 5-segmented tarsi. Ontogeny ntawm kab pib nrog kev hloov pauv tiav.

Squad Lepidoptera

Kab ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no muaj nuj nqis nrog tsis muaj kev mob siab rau tsawg dua li kev kos duab. Txawm tias cov neeg Loos thaum ub tau ntseeg tias Lepidoptera (butterflies) tau tsim los ntawm inflorescences ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas tawg tawm ntawm stems. Lawv cov tis yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: lawv muaj qhov ntom ntom ntawm cov nplais chitinous, cov qauv thiab kev teeb tsa uas txiav txim siab qhov originality ntawm cov xim. Raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, butterflies tam sim no muaj ntau tshaj 200 txhiab hom, los ntawm ntau tshaj 200 tsev neeg ntawm kab. Kwv yees li ntawm 9 txhiab hom kev txiav txim nyob hauv Russia, cov neeg sawv cev nto moo ntawm lawv yog: urticaria, zaub qhwv, miv qhov muag, kaj ntug, jaundice, hawk npauj thiab lwm yam.

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lepidoptera yog cov qauv ntawm lub qhov ncauj apparatus. Feem ntau cov npauj npaim muaj nyias thiab ntev proboscis, ib qho tshwj xeeb nqus cov khoom nruab nrog uas tau tsim los ntawm kev hloov kho mandibles. Hauv qee hom, proboscis tej zaum yuav tsis tsim lossis tsis tuaj. Qee tus tswvcuab qis ntawm qhov kev txiav txim tau khaws cov gnawing (original) lub qhov ncauj.

Raws li kev sib koom ua ke hauv kev sib cais, 3 suborders tau sau tseg: lub puab tsaig, homoptera thiab heteroptera. Feem ntau ntawm Lepidoptera hom yog nyob rau tom kawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib qho kev faib cov npauj npaim rau hauv diurnal (club-whiskered) thiab nocturnal (different-whiskered) butterflies.

Kev txiav txim ntawm Hymenoptera

Ib qhov sib cais ntawm kab nrog membranous tis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau haiv neeg yog thib ob tsuas yog beetles thiab butterflies. Raws li ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab, nws muaj los ntawm 150 txog 300 txhiab hom. Ntau tshaj 16 txhiab hom Hymenoptera tau sau tseg hauv fauna ntawm Russia. Cov no suav nrog ob qho tib si thaum ub horntails thiab sawflies, nrog rau cov kab uas muaj ntau txoj hauv kev lom neeg thiab cov kab mob hauv lub paj hlwb - muv, plhaw thiab ntsaum.

Nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm hom ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no, cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no yog qhov txawv: 4 membranous tis muaj cov leeg xoob xoob, lawv kuj pom tsis muaj lawv (cov ntawv tsis muaj tis kuj muaj); lub qhov ncauj apparatus ntawm gnawing-licking (bees) thiab gnawing (ants, wasps) hom; kev txhim kho nrog kev hloov pauv tiav. Ntau tus kab Hymenoptera nyob hauv cov zej zog, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm polymorphism. Cov tsev neeg zoo li no yog sawv cev los ntawm ib lossis ntau tus poj huab tais, tsawg tus txiv neej thiab ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm (cov poj niam tsis muaj menyuam). Cov tsiaj no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntxhov siab nrog kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Hymenoptera ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam. Ntawm lawv muaj cov kab tsuag txaus ntshai ntawm cov nroj tsuag (nutworms, noob-eaters, horntails), muaj cov ntaub ntawv predatory (ants, wasps), kuj muaj tib neeg cov phooj ywg (bees, bumblebees).

Hemiptera pab pawg

Kab los yog hemipterans nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw biotopes ntawm thaj av, nkag mus rau hauv cov dej tshiab, thiab xws li halobates dej striders kuj tau paub txog dej hiav txwv qhib. Qhov no yog varied heev thiabib qho loj detachment, uas, raws li kev kwv yees tsis ntev los no, muaj ntau tshaj 42 txhiab hom kab. Kwv yees li 1.5 txhiab hom nyob rau hauv Russia, ntawm uas ib feem tseem ceeb yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb cheeb tsam (marble kab, perillus, tropical kab laum, lace kab).

Hemiptera muaj ob khub tis, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm so, npog lub plab los ntawm sab saud. Lub xub ntiag ntawm tis (elytra) yog tawv ntawm lub hauv paus thiab membranous nyob rau hauv lub apical ib feem (li no lub npe ntawm lub detachment), lub hind tis yog kiag li membranous. Lub qhov ncauj apparatus yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug tho-nqus hom, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sib koom proboscis. Txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm pab pawg kuj muaj cov qog nqaij hlav, cov qog nqaij hlav uas muaj cov ntxhiab tsw tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus, qhov qhib ntawm cov qog mus rau metathorax, nyob rau hauv nymphs (lub sij hawm larval ntawm txoj kev loj hlob) - nyob rau hauv lub plab ntu. Hemiptera muaj kev loj hlob nrog metamorphosis tsis tiav.

Ntawm cov kab no, ob qho tib si herbivorous forms thiab predators (kab-tus neeg yos hav zoov) raug soj ntsuam. Qee hom yog ectoparasites ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg thiab tib neeg (cov kab cab).

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab tua tsiaj (entomophages) pab tswj thiab tswj kev sib npaug hauv qhov xwm txheej. Lawv feem ntau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tswj hwm uas txwv tsis pub muaj ntau tshaj ntawm qee hom herbivorous.

Mantis. Thaum piav txog kab, lub hauv ntej ob txhais ceg yog lub ntsiab feature: tus ncej puab thiab sab ceg tsim ib yam ntawm grasping apparatus, ua zoo li txiab. Cov neeg laus noj cov nyom, yoov, me butterflies, thiab larvaefeem ntau aphids. Thov Vajtswv mantises yog ib qho piv txwv classic ntawm "predator lurking" tus cwj pwm.

Ladybug. Kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov kab laus thiab lawv cov larvae yog: kab laug sab mites, aphids, qe thiab kab ntsig me ntawm butterflies. Cov tsiaj no muaj kev noj qab haus huv zoo heev. Ib tug larva absorbs txog 600-800 aphids thaum nws loj hlob, thiab ib tug neeg laus noj tau txog 40 aphids ib hnub twg.

Coleopteran av beetles. Nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm predatory hom ntawm tsev neeg, lub puab tsaig sab sauv ntev zoo ib yam li tus mob (mandible) yog qhov txawv, uas lawv tuav tus neeg raug tsim txom. Cov kab txav nrawm nrawm hla cov av saum npoo av, rhuav tshem cov qwj, kab ntsig, slugs, phytophages thiab ntau lwm yam kab tsuag.

Cov kab tua tsiaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob lom hauv kev tawm tsam cov kab mob. Lawv tau zoo siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, tiv thaiv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub teb thiab qoob loo qoob loo.

Dab nas kab ntawm Russia

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, tam sim no muaj kev poob qis ntawm 41% ntawm hom kab, thiab daim duab no yuav loj hlob ntxiv txhua xyoo. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia tam sim no nyob 110 hom kab uas nyob hauv kev tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb thiab suav nrog Phau Ntawv Liab.

Vaj bee. Qhov ntau yam ntawm hom yog nqaim nyob rau hauv Russia: sab qab teb ntawm Far East thiab tejzaum nws nyob rau Sakhalin. Niaj hnub no, tus naj npawb tseem ceeb heev: tsis pub ntau tshaj 40-60 tsev neeg tau raug kaw hauv qhov xwm txheej.

Clanis wavy. Npauj npaim los ntawm tsev neeg hawk pom nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Primorsky Krai. Tus lej tsawg heevthiab muaj kev hloov pauv loj.

Nkauj koob tsheej. Khaws cia hauv thaj av Ussuriysk-Primorsky hauv hav zoov los ntawm Partizansk mus rau Khasan, nrog rau thaj tsam ntawm Shkotovsky, Terneysky koog tsev kawm ntawv thiab ze rau thaj tsam ntawm Kaimanovka, Kamenushki thiab Nikolo-Lvovskoye. Cov hom yog cim los ntawm ib qho qauv.

Ntxhais ruam ruam. Nws yog suav hais tias yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kab fauna ntawm hav zoov-steppes thiab steppes. Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov tsiaj yog faib nyob rau hauv yav qab teb cheeb tsam Baikal thiab sab qab teb ntawm Far East. Cov naj npawb tsawg.

Kev tshawb fawb dua tau pom tias lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab tua kab yog qhov hloov pauv lossis ploj ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob. Cov pa phem ntawm ib puag ncig nrog tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj tua kab tau dhau los ua lwm qhov tseem ceeb.

Npaj qhov tseeb

Ntawm tag nrho cov npauj npaim nyob hauv Russia, qhov loj tshaj plaws yog peacock-qhov muag pear. Nws tisspan ncav cuag 15 cm.
Tus txiv neej pob ntseg muaj 2 lub noov ntev dua cov kab nws tus kheej. Cov cev nqaij daim tawv no muaj zog heev, tej zaum yog vim li cas qhov xwm txheej tau saib xyuas qhov kev poob qis.
Ntawm tag nrho cov kab ya, Asian giant hornet muaj mob heev tom. Hauv tebchaws Russia, nws tuaj yeem pom hauv Primorsky Krai.
Gflies thiab gadflies belongs rau ntau tsev neeg ntawm kab. Tsis zoo li horsefly, uas tsuas yog tom mob thiab haus ntshav, tus gadfly parasitizes tsiaj thiab tib neeg, nteg qe rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus neeg raug xaiv.
Tus kws sau ntawv nto moo Vladimir Nabokov tau mob siab rau txog kev nkag siab. Nws enriched science los ntawm kev ua qhov discoveryob peb hom butterflies.
Ladybug yog nyob rau ntawm cov poj niam deev hluas. Nws muaj peev xwm ua khub tsis tau so li 9 teev.
Hauv xyoo 1479, qhov kev sim ntawm Maybug tau tshwm sim hauv Switzerland. Qhov kev txiav txim txiav txim kom cov kab kom tawm hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev, tab sis tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm lawv sab. Pawg ntseeg raug yuam kom lees tias kab no raug xa los ntawm Vajtswv los rau txim rau kev txhaum.