Ib yam ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg tsim nyog yog kev ntshaw kom zoo nkauj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rau ntau tus neeg nws tsis txaus tsuas yog qhuas cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm kev kos duab - lawv kuj siv zog ua tus tswv. Nws yog los ntawm no hais tias "ceg loj hlob" nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug nrov hobby li sau. Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv ntawm qhov kev nyiam no yog kev sau cov plooj (porcelain). Qhov kev txaus siab tshaj plaws yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom qub qub ntawm European hom. Peb yuav qhia koj txog ib ntawm lawv hauv kab lus no.
Meissen plooj (porcelain): duab thiab qhov tseem ceeb
Porcelain yog cov khoom siv ceramic uas tau siv dav los ntawm cov txiv neej hauv lub neej txhua hnub, kos duab, thiab kos duab. Cov neeg Suav tau tsim cov khoom siv dag zog no nyob rau xyoo pua 7th. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev tau txais cov plooj (porcelain) tsis paub rau cov neeg European rau lwm txhiab xyoo! Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1708 lub Saxon alchemist I. F. Bettger tau tswj kom qhib nws rau Tebchaws Europe. Yog li yug lub npe nrov Meissen porcelain (Meissen).
Los ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, Meissen plooj (porcelain) tau txais koob meej zoo kawg. Nws tau sau los ntawm cov thawj coj thiab vaj ntxwv, cov neeg nplua nuj thiab cov thawj tswj hwm. Txhua tus neeg saib xyuas tus kheej ntawm kev zoo nkauj nrhiav kom muaj cov khoom lag luam ntawm qhov chaw tsim khoom hauv nws cov khoom sau.
Meissen porcelain ib txwm ua rau muaj kev xav zoo heev nrog nws cov tsos. Dab tsi yog qhov zais cia ntawm cov khoom no? Muaj peb lub laj thawj tseem ceeb rau nws qhov chaw:
- Kev siv cov xim tshwj xeeb, cov zaub mov uas tseem raug cais tawm nruj me ntsis.
- Kev siv tes pleev xim tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov duab thiab teeb tsa.
- Koom nrog cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws, sculptors thiab engravers hauv kev tsim cov khoom.
Los ntawm txoj kev, niaj hnub no Meissen Bouquet porcelain kev pabcuam yog nrov heev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog cov khoom qub tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, tau piav qhia hauv peb tsab xov xwm. Cov kev pabcuam no yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm Czech hom Bernadotte.
Lwm qhov tseeb nthuav: muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb ntawm violet - "Meissen porcelain". Nws yog txawv los ntawm ntau thiab zoo nkauj heev flowering. Violet paj yog matte dawb nrog wavy xiav edging thiab tiag tiag zoo li cov khoom ntawm ib lub npe nrov German cog.
Keeb Kwm Luv Luv ntawm Meissen Manufactory
thawj lub tuam txhab plooj (porcelain) hauv Tebchaws Europe tau qhib rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1710 hauv nroog Meissen (Meissen) nyob rau sab hnub tuaj lub teb chaws Yelemees. Kev tsim khoom tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais muaj zog, muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo, uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Tus alchemist Johann Friedrich Bettger raug kaw hauv nws.
huab tais ntawm Saxony Augustus tus Strong kom nws tau txais kub. Tab sis tsis muaj ib qho ntawm Bettger qhov kev sim hauv qhov kev taw qhia no tau ua tiav. Tab sis nws tau tswj kom "rov tshawb pom" cov plooj (porcelain) nyuaj, cov lus zais uas cov Suav khaws cia rau ntau pua xyoo hauvtsis pub twg paub.
Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe secular thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov plooj (porcelain) muaj nuj nqis tsawg dua kub. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias qhov kev tshawb pom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm Bettger tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo li cas. Nws raug tso tseg ua neeg raug kaw thiab tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 38 xyoo. Cov neeg ncig teb chaw thiab cov neeg tuaj xyuas lub tsev fuabtais Meissen tseem tab tom ntshai los ntawm tus dab ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom porcelain.
Meissen plooj (porcelain) hauv Tebchaws Europe sai sai dhau los ua ib qho khoom siv, thiab cov nyiaj tiag tiag ntws mus rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj ntawm Saxony. Ua tsaug rau lawv cov xim zoo nkauj thiab ci ntsa iab, cov khoom ntawm Meissen manufactory sai sai tau txais koob meej thoob ntiaj teb. Los ntawm txoj kev, kwv yees li 40% ntawm Saxon porcelain tau yuav los ntawm cov nom tswv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.
Meissen Hoobkas: kws ua yeeb yam thiab qauv
European invention of porcelain coincided with the spread of xws style in art as Rococo. Ntawm chav kawm, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem tab sis yuav tsum tau xav txog hauv cov tsos ntawm cov khoom ntawm Meissen manufactory thaum ntxov. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg xaiv tsa Saxon tau nyiam los ntawm Suav cov plooj (porcelain). Yog li ntawd, chinoiserie style tau pom meej hauv cov khoom Meissen.
Ua haujlwm los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm Meissen manufactory thiab hauv Japanese style kakiemon. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Karl Geroldt nthuav dav cov xim palette ntawm cov kev taw qhia no. Hugo Stein, William Baring thiab Hermann Zeilinger tau nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm lub Hoobkas raws li cov kws sau ntawv ntawm cov thawj underglaze painting ntawm noj hmo thiab vases.
Feem ntau, kaum ob tus neeg ua yeeb yam nyob sab Europe tau ua haujlwm thiab txuas ntxiv mus ua haujlwm ntawm Meissen porcelain Hoobkas. Ntawm lawv: Erich Hesel, Heinrich Schwabe, Peter Reinicke, Paul Scheurich,Alexander Struck, Heinz Werner. Thiab qhov no tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev cov neeg ua haujlwm tiav uas tau pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.
Meissen Porcelain hnub no
Lub cim ntawm Meissen porcelain tau ntau xyoo tau dhau los ua tus qauv ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab tsis muaj kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Nws zoo li ob hla xiav sabers. Txij li thaum xyoo 1720, hom nroj tsuag tau hloov ntau zaus (yuav ua li cas raws nraim - saib daim duab tom ntej).
Hnub no, ib nrab ntawm Meissen porcelain cov khoom tau teeb tsa. Lwm 35% yog ntau yam sculptures, figurines thiab figurines. Cov khoom seem yog cov vuas tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv kos duab. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov neeg tuaj saib lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tuam txhab plooj (porcelain) tau hloov me ntsis rau peb lub xyoo dhau los. Meissen cov kev pabcuam tseem tab tom yuav los ntawm cov neeg muaj npe siab thiab cov nplua nuj.
Meissen plooj (porcelain) yog ntau tshaj 175 txhiab khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom thiab txog 10,000 xim thiab ntxoov. Cov khoom xaiv ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau khaws cia hnub no hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Dresden, Metropolitan, Louvre, Hermitage, Tretyakov Gallery. Los ntawm txoj kev, thawj cov qauv ntawm Meissen porcelain tuaj rau Russia hauv 1728. Hauv kev sib pauv, Ntxhais fuabtais Elisabeth tau muab lawv ob peb lub ncov qaumteb qabteb, uas tus xaiv tsa ntawm Saxony xav tau rau nws tus kheej menagerie.
Meissen porcelain figurines
Porcelain figurines yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Meissen manufactory. Ntawm cov sculptors ntawm lub Hoobkas German, Paul Scheurich tsim nyog hais tshwj xeeb. Nws muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas figurines thiab compositions tsim nyob rau hauv lub Art Deco style. Tsis tsawgKev tsim ntawm Peter Reinecke thiab Johann Kaendler nyiam ua tiav.
Tom qab tsim lub npe nrov "Monkey Orchestra" sau, suav nrog 22 daim duab ntawm cov suab paj nruag liab. Txhua tus ntawm lawv plays lawv tus kheej instrument. Muaj cov neeg hu nkauj ntawm lawv. Kev sau "Monkey Orchestra" yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov neeg sau thiab cov neeg qhuas ntawm cov plooj (porcelain).
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tus nqi ntawm cov duab los ntawm Meissen Porcelain Factory yog qhov siab heev. Nws nyob ntawm, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm ib yam khoom thiab nws ncig. Feem ntau, tus nqi rau thawj Meissen figurines pib ntawm 30 txhiab thiab mus txog peb lossis ntau lab rubles.
me ntsis txog dos décor
Lub npe hu ua "dos décor" yog thawj txhais tes pleev xim xiav xim. Nws tus kws sau ntawv suav tias yog tus kws kos duab ntawm Meissen manufactory Johann Kretshmar. Niaj hnub no, dos décor yog paub thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no thiab yog txuam nrog Meissen trademark. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kos duab tshwj xeeb no suav nrog cov hauv qab no:
- Lotus.
- xyoob ntoo.
- Peony.
- Chrysanthemum.
- Peach.
- Garnet.
Los ntawm txoj kev, Kretshmar pomegranate zoo li ntau dua li dos (tus tswv tsuas tsis paub tias cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo no zoo li cas). Tias yog vim li cas daim duab thiaj li hu ua "dos" lossis "dos".
Panel "Procession of Kings"
Qhia txog Meissen porcelain, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog "Txoj Kev Ua Vajntxwv". Qhov no yog phab ntsa loj loj hauv Dresden, uastau nteg tawm ntawm 25 txhiab vuas ua nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas Meissen. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog 102 meters ntev thiab 9.5 meters siab.
Lub vaj huam sib luag tau tsim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws depicts 95 tus neeg. Ntawm lawv yog cov vajntxwv thiab cov neeg xaiv tsa ntawm Saxony, margraves, kws tshawb fawb, kws ua yeeb yam, tub rog, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov menyuam yaus. Kuj tseem muaj nees thiab dev nyob hauv daim duab. Yuav luag txhua tus neeg tuaj koom hauv lub rooj sib txoos no yog txiv neej. Poj niam los txiv neej yog sawv cev los ntawm tsuas yog ib tug ntxhais ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag.
Meissen porcelain: yuav ua li cas pom tus cuav
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab qhov tseeb: nws yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov khoom qub los ntawm lub Hoobkas Meissen ntawm qhov hu ua "flea markets". suav nrog German flea khw. Tab sis muaj ntau cov fakes tawm muaj!
Koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tseeb ntawm Meissen khob lossis duab li cas? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, koj yuav tsum xyuam xim rau lub stigma. Nws tau thov nrog xiav cob alt xim rau txhua yam khoom thiab tshwj xeeb hauv qab glaze (uas yog, txawm tias ua ntej cov txheej txheem porcelain firing). Nws yog qhov xav paub tias txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tsim Meissen plooj (porcelain) yog muab lo lus "MEISSEN" rau ntawm cov khoom es tsis txhob ntawm cov duab ib txwm muaj ntawm ob sab hlaws.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau qhov kev txawj ntse thiab txawj dag, uas tsuas yog cov kws paub txog kev paub txog tuaj yeem txiav txim siab.
