Yog tias koj nug cov neeg Lavxias nruab nrab cov koom haum twg uas nws muaj nrog lo lus "Moldova" lossis "Moldovans", cov lus teb yuav yog ib tus lej ntawm cov lus qhia ncaj ncees txog cawv, kev tsim ua lag luam, hominy thiab nrov ua koob tsheej. Lub caij no, Moldovans yog lub tebchaws uas muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab kab lis kev cai, kab lis kev cai zoo nkauj thiab zaub mov zoo. Thiab feem ntau ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev yog ua haujlwm hnyav, ua phooj ywg thiab tos txais qhua. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias nyob rau xyoo tas los no, kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi hauv lub tebchaws no tau maj mam nce.
Keeb kwm ntawm Moldovans
Lub teb chaws no tuaj qhov twg los? Cov neeg keeb kwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ob theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim: qhov tshwm sim ntawm haiv neeg zej zog ntawm "Vlachs" (cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov neeg Romance sab hnub tuaj) thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov neeg Moldavian ncaj qha los ntawm lawv.
Vlachs nyob hauv Carpathian Toj siab thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Balkan Peninsula. Cov ethnos tau tsim los ntawm lub xyoo pua VI, los ntawm Romanized Thracian pawg neeg thiab Slavs,nyob hauv cheeb tsam no. Lawv tau hais ua lus Greek, German, Roman, Hungarian sau los ntawm cov npe ntawm Thracians, Dacians, Vlachs thiab Volohs.
Ncaj nraim, haiv neeg Moldavian tau tsim txij thaum xyoo pua 12th nyob rau thaj tsam Eastern Carpathian vim yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm haiv neeg ntawm Vlachs, uas tsiv los ntawm Transylvania, thiab Eastern Slavs (Rusyns).
Thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm kev muaj nyob, ntau yam kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw tau rov qab los ntawm thaj av no, tab sis cov Moldovans tau tswj hwm lub zej zog haiv neeg. Feem ntau, cov pab pawg neeg tuaj txog tau ua tiav zoo yam tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tsos ntawm Moldovans, lawv cov lus, kab lis kev cai, kev ntseeg thiab kev ua koob tsheej.
History Pages
Txog rau thaum xyoo pua XIV, thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Moldova tau tswj hwm los ntawm ntau pawg neeg thiab lub xeev tsim. Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov haiv neeg thiab lub xeev tus kheej ntawm Moldovans yog lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej ntawm Moldavian Principality.
Raws li cov lus dab neeg thaum ub, cov neeg yug yaj-Vlachs, yos hav zoov rau nyuj, tau ntsib ib tug neeg saib xyuas-Rusich thiab, tau pom zoo, pib tsim cov av ib zaug ua rau cov Tatars puas tsuaj nrog lawv pab pawg neeg. Yog li ntawd, cov Moldavians nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Romance thiab Slavic pawg. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, Romance thiab Slavic lus dab neeg cov zej zog sib koom ua ke, thaum tsis muaj kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm haiv neeg.
Tus thawj tswj hwm nws tus kheej, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm XIV-XIX centuries, nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Moldova, ib feem ntawm Ukraine thiab Romania. Kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam, nws tau txuas nrog lub koom haum Wallachian,Russia, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria. Txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, nws tau nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Hungary.
Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Moldovans yog kev lees paub ntawm kev ywj pheej hauv 1365. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tau muab faib ua Upper thiab Lower Moldavia thiab Bessarabia. Ntau xyoo dhau los, cov cheeb tsam no tau dhau mus dhau los ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm ntau lub xeev. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1812, Bessarabia tau annexed rau Russia, thiab nyob rau hauv lub 60s. Nyob rau xyoo 19th, lub koom haum thawj coj ntawm Wallachia thiab Moldavia tau tshwm sim, txij li xyoo 1881 hu ua Romania.
Xyoo 1917, Moldavian koom pheej tau tshaj tawm, uas ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd los ua ib feem ntawm USSR. Lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tau dhau los ua nplooj ntawv dub ntawm keeb kwm rau Moldova, thaum nws tau nyob los ntawm Romanian thiab German cov tub rog tau ntau xyoo.
Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR thaum Lub Rau Hli 1991, lub koom pheej ntawm Moldova tau los ua ib lub xeev ywj pheej.
Moldovan lus
Kev tsim ntawm ib lub zej zog hais lus ncaj qha ncaj qha rau kev tsim haiv neeg ntawm Moldovans, kev nom kev tswv thiab lub xeev ntawm thaj av ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob. Thawj qhov hais txog cov lus Moldavian tshwm sim hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Chronicler Gregory Urek sau tias Vlachs, Moldavians thiab Transylvanians hais lus no.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj cov ntawv sau hauv Cyrillic tau tshwm sim. Yav dhau los, Lub Koom Txoos Slavonic tau siv rau lub tsev teev ntuj, kev tswj hwm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Ntxiv mus, nws yog cov lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai thiab tsis tau siv hauv kev hais lus.
LiteraryCov lus Moldavian, uas tau pib ua haujlwm txij li xyoo pua 17th, tau tsim thaum kawg nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Tib lub sijhawm, qhov sib txawv tshwm sim ntawm Moldovan thiab Romanian lus. Lawv nyob niaj hnub no.
Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias nws cov lus hais nrog Romanian, nws yog Moldovan, cov Slavic feem ntau tshaj tawm, uas suav hais tias yog lub xeev cov lus ntawm lub tebchaws. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm niaj hnub Moldovans kuj yog kev txawj ntse los yog ze acquaintance nrog Lavxias teb sab lus. Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham, ntau yam hloov ntawm ib hom lus mus rau lwm qhov yooj yim heev.
Moldovans: tsos, duab
Tus cwj pwm ntawm ib haiv neeg tsawg tsawg tsis tau hais txog cov cim sab nraud. Thaum tham txog cov tsos ntawm Moldovans, lub ntsiab lus ntawm "Romanesque hom" yog feem ntau hais. Thiab qhov tseeb, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov pejxeem sib raug rau cov yam ntxwv no: tsaus nti, feem ntau curly plaub hau; siab hauv pliaj; nyias qhov ntswg (feem ntau nrog ib tug hump); me ntsis swarthy daim tawv nqaij; ob lub qhov muag feem ntau yog xim av lossis ntsuab, txawm tias tseem muaj qhov muag grey thiab xiav.
Yog li, feem ntau nws tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm Moldovans hauv daim duab, tab sis qhov no tsis siv rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tebchaws. Ua ntej, lawv tuaj yeem yooj yim tsis meej pem nrog cov Italians. Thiab lub ntsiab lus tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag swarthy thiab curly plaub hau, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub siab xav ntawm lub ntsej muag, gestures thiab lub suab thaum sib txuas lus. Qhov thib ob, cov pej xeem hauv nroog yog ntau cosmopolitan, ntawm lawv muaj ntau hom "European", suav nrog lub teeb daj thiab xiav-eyed. Ntxiv rau, ntawmThaj chaw ntawm Moldova yog ib txwm nyob hauv cov neeg Yudais, Armenians, Gypsies, Cov Ntseeg Qub-Lipovans, Orthodox Turks (Gagauz).
Raws li cov khaub ncaws, xim ntawm no tuaj yeem pom feem ntau nyob rau sab nraud. Piv txwv li, hnav khaub ncaws da dej thiab cov tsho tsis muaj tes tsho tshaj cov khaub ncaws hauv lub caij txias. Nyob rau hauv Chisinau, lawv hnav ib txwm, nyob rau hauv cov European style. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg ncig teb chaw tau ceeb toom cov me me ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas kev txav mus los, feem ntau txawv ntawm lawv cov tsos.
Txoj kev xav ntawm kev xav
Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb chaws tus cwj pwm, ces cov Moldovans yog tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov yam ntxwv, ib feem ntawm qhov tseeb, lwm yam feem ntau belongs rau qeb ntawm clichés.
Nco ntsoov lawv txoj kev mob siab, kev ua siab zoo, kev ua zoo, kev tos txais qhua, kev ua raws li tsev neeg muaj nuj nqis, muaj peev xwm ua siab ncaj thiab ua kev zoo siab.
Txoj kev txawj ntse hais txog peb lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb (kom cog tsob ntoo, tsim tsev thiab tsa tus tub) sib raug rau lub neej muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau tus Moldovans. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, raws li lawv tus kheej sau tseg, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "kum se kade" ("zoo li tib neeg", "tsis phem dua li lwm tus") tau qhib. Thiab qhov no, ntawm ib sab, txhawb kom ua tiav qee lub hom phiaj ntawm lub neej, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws feem ntau ua rau muaj lub siab xav ua raws li qee qhov kev coj ua.
Lwm tus cwj pwm ntawm Moldovans yog kev mob siab rau, nrog rau kev hwm rau qib thiab txaus siab ua raws li qib siab, ob qho tib si hauv kev tshaj lij thiab tus kheej lub neej.
Lub tswv yim muaj nuj nqis ntawm Moldovans yog qhov nthuav. Ntawm no peb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv obqhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txuas ntxiv ntawm Moldova thiab Roman faj tim teb chaws, nrog rau qee qhov mythologization ntawm tus kav Stefan cel Mare (Lub Great). Nws nyob hauv qab nws tias Moldavian Thawj Tswj Hwm tau ntsib lub sijhawm muaj kev vam meej thiab luv luv tau los ua tus neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nom kev tswv ntawm Tebchaws Europe.
Kev ntseeg ntawm Moldovans
Yog hais tias peb tham txog kev cai dab qhuas, ces daim duab ntawm no yog homogeneous heev. Los teb cov lus nug ntawm qhov kev ntseeg ntawm Moldovans yog dab tsi, yog qhov yooj yim: Orthodox. Qhov no tau txhawb los ntawm kev txheeb cais.
Yuav luag 98% ntawm cov neeg ntseeg lees paub Orthodoxy. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Orthodox kev ntseeg ntawm Moldovans, muaj ob lub ntsiab lus qhia. Moldavian-Chisinau thiab Bessarabian nroog tau sawv cev ntawm no. Thawj belongs rau Moscow Patriarchate thiab muaj rau dioceses. Feem ntau, nws suav txog yuav luag 90% ntawm tag nrho cov pawg ntseeg hauv lub tebchaws. Nws tau ua haujlwm txij li xyoo 1992, thiab qhov tseeb yog tus ua tiav ntawm Khotyn-Chisinau nroog tsim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
Bessarabian lub nroog ntawm lub Koom Txoos Romanian tseem nyob hauv haiv neeg tsawg, nws cov neeg koom nrog yog 11% ntawm cov ntseeg. Nws yog autocephalous, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm nta, thiab nyob rau hauv es tsis meej kev sib raug zoo nrog lub xeev cov tub ceev xwm.
Qhov txawv ntawm ob lub nroog yog cov lus ntawm kev pabcuam hauv pawg ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, lub Koom Txoos Slavonic yog siv, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, lub qub Moldavian. Tib lub sijhawm, ob lub nroog kuj tseem siv Greek. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tsis muaj qhov pom tseeb thiab tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lawv.
Ib qho ntawm kev ntseeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv Moldova yog Catechism (136lus txib nrog ntau cov lus).
Moldavia qhov kev pab cuam rau lub txhab nyiaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom thiab cov khoom tsis yog cov khoom tseem ceeb heev.
Kev kos duab zoo tsim tawm ntawm no raws li kev cuam tshuam zoo ntawm Byzantine kab lig kev cai. Qhov no yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub frescoes, icons, miniatures tsim los ntawm Moldovan painters.
Ntau lub monuments ntawm architecture thiab painting ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab cathedrals ntawm Moldova. Yog li ntawd, lub tsev teev ntuj Mazaraki, ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, yog lub tsev qub tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Chisinau. Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntoo ntawm Assumption ntawm tus nkauj xwb yog nthuav. Thaum pib, nws tau tsim tsa ntawm Hyrauka monastery nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, tom qab ntawd nws tau tsiv ntau zaus los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 2010 tau rhuav tshem tag nrho thiab rov sib sau ua ke hauv lub nroog.
Cov qauv ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj kuj txawv: cov tsev ntoo khaub lig, cov tsev hipped, nyiam rau Byzantine style, neoclassical thiab ntau lwm tus.
Suab paj nruag tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab rau Moldovans. Lawv hwm cov suab paj nruag hauv teb chaws, suav nrog kev ua si tsis tshua muaj suab paj nruag (nai, chimpoy, kobza, fluer). Nai yog ib lub tshuab raj zoo li cua tshuab nrog ntau lub shafts. Cov nkauj pej xeem feem ntau yog tsim rau ib lossis ob lub suab. Ntxiv nrog rau cov suab paj nruag ib txwm muaj, niaj hnub pop, pob zeb thiab pop tiam sis tseem tab tom tsim. Tus ntxhais ntawm Moldovan tus neeg hu nkauj Pavel Stratan, Cleopatra, tau teev nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Cov Ntaub Ntawv yog tus yau tshaj plaws ua yeeb yam. Nws tau ua yeeb yam nyob rau theem 3.
National costume
Yog tias koj tshawb lub vev xaib rau cov duab ntawm Moldovans, feem ntau cov no yuav yog cov duab hauv lub tebchaws. Nws muaj xim zoo nkauj heev.
Feem ntau hnav thaum hnub so thiab kev ua koob tsheej. Txog rau tam sim no, muaj cov kws tsim khoom lag luam uas koom nrog kev txiav cov khaub ncaws zoo li no ua raws li txhua txoj kev cai.
Cov txiv neej lub teb chaws cov khaub ncaws ntawm Moldovans muaj cov ris dub, lub tsho dawb, lub tsho tsis muaj pluab lossis lub tsho khuam ntaub, lub kaus mom yaj lossis lub kaus mom thiab khau tawv tawv. Ib qho yuav tsum tau ua yog ib txoj siv woolen ntawm xiav, liab lossis ntsuab xim mus txog peb meters ntev. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov kev lig kev cai ntawm kev hnav cov yaj lub kaus mom thiab cov tsho tsis muaj tsho plaub yog khaws cia hauv qee lub zos txog niaj hnub no.
Cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov poj niam hnav ris tsho muaj xws li: daim tiab ntau lub ntsej muag nrog cov ntaub pua chaw, lub tsho dawb nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj, ib txoj phuam qhwv caj dab los yog lub txaj txaj, feem ntau yog ib txoj hlua caj dab hnyav. Lub tsho tau khi nrog cov ntaub plaub, ib daim ntaub thaiv tau muab pov rau saum toj, ib feem ntawm lub taub hau. Vests (peptar) kuj hnav.
Khaub ncaws yog ib txwm siv los ntawm cov poj niam, ib qho kev paub dhau los hauv tsev neeg los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Feem ntau nws yog linen thiab ntaub plaub. Niaj hnub nimno analogues yog ua los ntawm paj rwb ntaub.
Local cuisine and winemaking
Moldovans yog cov neeg tuaj tos txais qhua, thiab lawv txoj kev tos txais feem ntau qhia hauv lawv txoj kev npaj los zaum ntawm lub rooj thiab cia lawv koom nrog lub teb chaws cuisine.
Muab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw thaj chaw thiab thaj chaw ntuj, ib txwm muajMoldovan cuisine Ameslikas suav nrog cov khoom siv mis nyuj, zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab pob kws tais diav. Muaj ntau hom kev ua noj zaub mov tau siv: lawv tau noj tshiab, ci, kib, boiled, stuffed, stewed thiab s alted. Hominy, porridge raws li pob kws, tau npaj yuav luag txhua hnub. Txog tam sim no, cov tais diav yog:
- zama nqaij qaib;
- puff pastry with cheese placinda;
- chobra zaub soup;
- mashed taum nrog qej;
- dumplings;
- zaub guvech stew;
- stuffed cabbage in sarmale grape leaf.
Cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua ntawm lub rooj yog feta cheese. Nws muaj hnub nyoog li ntawm ob lub lis piam, tsuas yog siv cov mis nyuj ntawm qee hom ntawm yaj ua lub hauv paus.
Winemaking yog daim npav hu xov tooj tsis muaj xwm txheej ntawm Moldova. Actively tsim txij li thaum xyoo pua 14th. Txog niaj hnub no, cov npe luv luv ntawm cov cawv txiv hmab suav nrog ntau tshaj plaub caug yam khoom. Cov no yog cov zoo tib yam thiab vintage qhuav, ib nrab qab zib thiab muaj zog cawv, nrog rau divins (brandy).
Moldovan hnub so thiab kev lig kev cai
Thaum tham txog cov xwm txheej hauv tebchaws, ntau tus hais tias Moldovans yog cov neeg nyiam ua kev lom zem, ua koob tsheej, noj mov zoo, suab paj nruag thiab seev cev. Thiab qhov no feem ntau muaj tseeb. Moldovans nyiam hnub so thiab ua kev zoo siab rau lawv hauv txoj kev loj.
Ntawm cov hnub so haujlwm yog Hnub Kev ywj pheej, Christmas, Xyoo Tshiab, National Language Day. Thaum kawg, cov neeg nyob hauv nteg paj rau ntawm qhov ntxa ntawm cov kws sau paj huam thiab cov kws sau ntawv thiab nco txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Alexei. Matveyevich.
Martisor, hnub so ntawm lub rooj sib tham caij nplooj ntoos hlav, ua kev zoo siab rau lub Peb Hlis 1, tseem yog ib txwm ua. Cov neeg muab ib leeg liab thiab dawb ornaments nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm woven threads nrog paj thaum kawg. Lawv hnav tau ib hlis, txuas nrog cov khaub ncaws ntawm sab laug, tom qab ntawd lawv muab dai rau ntawm tsob ntoo, ua kev xav.
Nyob hauv Moldova muaj kev ntseeg ntawm cov ntseeg, txhua lub zos muaj nws tus kheej patron. Hnub uas nws veneration, nws yog kev cai mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj, teem ib lub tsiab peb caug, caw qhua. Thaum lub caij so hauv lub tebchaws, kev sib tw "trynta" (ib hom kev sib tw hauv tebchaws uas xav tau kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse) feem ntau muaj, tus yeej uas tau txais ram.
Txij li xyoo 2002, National Wine Day kuj tau ua kev zoo siab. Kev ua koob tsheej yog nrog los ntawm kev ua si hauv teb chaws, seev cev (Moldovenian, chora, jok) thiab, tau kawg, saj cov cawv hauv zos. Hnub no, cov neeg ua cawv txiv hmab los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws tuaj rau Chisinau los koom nrog kev sib tw rau hom cawv zoo tshaj plaws.
