Archaeological excavations niaj hnub no muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej ntawm Celts, lawv cov kab lis kev cai, kev ntseeg, khoom siv tes ua. Cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg tau khaws cia los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Greek thiab Roman, ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm yav dhau los, khaws cov npe kom raug, cov ntaub ntawv toponymic, lus dab neeg qhia txog Celts thaum ub.
Ib tug neeg
Celt yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm ib pawg neeg qub uas nyob hauv thawj txhiab xyoo BC hauv thaj chaw loj ntawm Western Europe. Cov Celts yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm ib haiv neeg Indo-European prehistoric.
Cov Germans, Slavs, Persians, Latins, tom qab ntawd ploj mus Goths, thiab cov neeg Khab tom qab tsim los ntawm cov haiv neeg qub no. Tom qab ntawd lawv kuj muaj cov xeeb ntxwv, haiv neeg tsim, piv txwv li, Slavs tau muab faib ua peb pawg: sab hnub poob - Czechs, Slovaks, Poles; sab hnub tuaj - Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians; sab qab teb - Bulgarians, Croats, Serbs, Macedonians. Cov Celts yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm niaj hnub Scots, Irish, Bretons, Welsh.
Ib tug caj ces ib leeg Indo-European cov neeg uas nyob tsib txhiab xyoo dhau los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia (hnub no Krasnodar Territory), thaum pib ntawm lub hnub nyoog Bronze tsim tsis tau tsuas yog bronze riam phom, tab sis kuj invented lub log thiabdomesticated tus nees. Nrog rau riam phom tshiab, kev npaj rau lub laub, cov tub rog ceev ceev, lawv tau yooj yim ntes cov chaw tshiab hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia, yog li dhau los ua ib pawg neeg thoob plaws ntiaj teb.
Celtic lus
Nyob rau Tebchaws Europe sab hnub poob, lub zej zog tshiab ntawm Indo-Europeans tau tsim - Celts nrog lub chaw nyob hauv Alps. Yog li ntawd, Celt yog tus nqa khoom ntawm pawg lus Alpine. Lawv cov neeg coob coob hu ua Gauls. Thaum lub sijhawm Roman conquests, lawv cov lus tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Latin, uas yog vim li cas nws ib nrab ploj ntawm lub neej niaj hnub. Tom qab ntawd, cov pab pawg Celtic nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Fabkis niaj hnub no tau tawm tsam sab qaum teb los ntawm Germans (cov pab pawg Frankish).
Hauv tebchaws Aas Kiv, vim qhov deb ntawm Foggy Albion, Celts khaws lawv cov kab lis kev cai thiab lus los ntawm kev ua qhev ntawm Loos. Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Foggy Albion los ntawm Celts hnub rov qab mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau (txog 600 BC). Ib tug Celt yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm ib pab pawg neeg sib txawv uas tsis paub nws tus kheej li tib neeg.
Druids
Peb txhiab xyoo dhau los, kev ntseeg kev ntseeg ntawm Druids, uas muaj kev tiv thaiv dawb ceev, tau yug los. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov pov thawj hauv chav kawm yog cuam tshuam nrog kev xav tau los tswj hwm Celtic zej zog. Pob zeb muab tso rau vertically ua lub thaj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, cov kev xav tau nkag mus rau cov kws tshawb fawb tias Stonehenge yog lawv lub chaw dawb huv.
Mythology
Lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj tau dhau los ntawm qhov ncauj mus rau qhov ncauj rau ntau pua xyoo, cov lus dab neeg thiab kev coj noj coj ua muaj nyob hauv ntau yam. Zoo li feem ntau cov neeg thaum ub, Celts yog pagans thiabntseeg nyob rau hauv lub neej tom qab. Thaum lub sij hawm faus, ntau yam khoom raug tso tseg nrog cov neeg tuag, xws li daim phiaj, riam phom, cuab yeej, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nees tsheb thiab lub laub tsis suav nrog. Cov Celts tau paub tseeb tias: txhua yam uas xav tau hauv ntiaj teb no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tom qab lub neej.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm mythology yog raws li kev ntseeg ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsuj plig, thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua no kev ntseeg siab tau pab cov tub rog ua siab tawv thiab tsis qia dub, txo lawv txoj kev ntshai ntawm kev tuag. Nyob rau hauv lub neej nyuaj nce thiab nqis, tib neeg kev txi los cawm. Celtic Gods: Taranis, Lug, Ogmios, Teutates, Cernunnos, Belenus, Esus, Brigantia.
khoom siv tub rog
Celt yog ib tug tub rog zoo heev, nyob ntawm kev nyiag thiab tua, ua yeeb ncuab nrog cov neeg Loos thiab cov txheeb ze. Cov Celts tsis muaj ib lub chaw nom tswv, uas yog, tsis muaj vaj ntxwv, hauv txhua pab pawg tsuas yog tus thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg muaj hwj chim. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov Celts, txij li lawv tsis muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus sau, yog thawj zaug sau los ntawm cov neeg Loos ob txhiab xyoo dhau los thaum lawv tau tawm tsam Great Britain. Rau ib tug Roman, ib tug Celt yog ib tug backward barbarian, sawv qis, lagging qab nyob rau hauv science thiab crafts, paub me ntsis thiab muaj peev xwm, thaum lawv piav lawv tus kheej raws li ib tug enlightened neeg.
Tej zaum ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg Loos, cov Celts tsis muaj kev xav txog kev ua tub rog, tab sis lawv cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom tsis zoo dua li cov neeg Loos, lawv yog cov kws tua phom zoo heev.
Thaum Gaul tawm tsam Roman, nws yuav nyuaj rau tus neeg saib xyuas sab nraud kom paub txog leej twg yog leej twg nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov tub hluas nyob rau hauv lub kaus mom hlau ntawm cov neeg Loos tsis yog Loos - lawv yog Gauls. Lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg Loos tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kaus mom tooj liab nrog ponytails. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau theej los ntawm Gauls ib qho kev tsim qauv ntawm cov kaus mom hlau nrog lub plhu plhu.
Cov Celts muaj cov ntaub thaiv npog tib neeg, thiab lawv cov khoom kho kom zoo nkauj hauv daim duab ntawm lub ntsej muag bronze tsis yog rau kev zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj rau kev tiv thaiv. Cov neeg Loos tau theej qhov kev tshawb pom no, nrog rau lwm yam riam phom, muab lawv lub npe Celtic.
Celt rau Roman yog tus tsim ntawm kev ua tiav thev naus laus zis tshiab - lub tsheb sib tw ua rog. Tej zaum nws yuav coj txawv txawv, tab sis nws xav tsis thoob rau cov neeg Loos. Qee cov lus tau qiv los ntawm Celts, xws li "kev sib koom tes" (lo lus "nees"), hloov mus ua "cavalry" thiab "cavalier".
Cov Celts thaum ub, peb txhiab xyoo ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm Rome, tau tsim ntau lub monuments loj: pob zeb fortifications, loj qhov ntxa thiab lub monument nto moo ntawm lub ntiaj teb ancient, Stonehenge. Peb tsis paub yuav ua li cas lawv txhim tsa tag nrho cov qauv no, tab sis txawm tias tom qab tsib txhiab xyoo lawv tseem sawv hauv av, tawm tsam cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nrog lawv lub hwj chim, thiab yog pov thawj ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov neeg thaum ub.
