MLRS BM-30 "Smerch": yam ntxwv, duab

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:07

Txij li thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws uas siv tshuaj tua kab mob tsuas yog nce ntxiv. Muaj tseeb tiag, niaj hnub no lawv qhov chaw tau raug coj los ntawm ntau lub foob pob hluav taws xob (MLRS), tab sis lub ntsiab lus ntawm hom riam phom no tseem tsis tau hloov pauv: kom "ploj" thaj chaw uas cov yeeb ncuab nyob, tawm hauv tsis muaj sijhawm rau infantry lossis txawm tias cov cuab yeej hnyav. nqa cag. Thiab BM-30 "Smerch" tuaj yeem tiv nrog cov haujlwm no zoo kawg nkaus.

Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb

Tsim kom muaj kev puas tsuaj ntev ntev ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pawg hom phiaj. Lub hom phiaj tsim nyog rau cov kab ke no yog npog thiab tsis pom cov yeeb ncuab cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov khoom siv phom sij thiab tsis muaj phom sij (xws li cov tsheb hnyav tshaj plaws), tub rog thiab pej xeem huab cua, thiab missile system tso silos. Yuav siv tau rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev lag luam infrastructure, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov chaw hais kom ua thiab lwm qhov chaw sib txuas lus tseem ceeb.

Kev txhim kho

Nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1969 txog 1976, kev ua haujlwm hnyav tau ua hauv Tula hauvthaj tsam ntawm kev nrhiav txoj hauv kev tshiab los txhim kho ntau lub foob pob hluav taws xob uas, thaum muaj kev ua tsov rog loj, tuaj yeem siv los ua riam phom tshwj xeeb. Txoj cai lij choj, uas tau hais kom pib tsim lub BM-30 "Smerch", tau tshaj tawm thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1976 ntawm lub xyoo.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho nteg thawj zaug nrog A. N. Ganichev, thiab tom qab ntawd dhau mus rau G. A. Denezhkin. Twb yog thaum pib ntawm 1982, MLRS tshiab tau ua tiav tag nrho cov theem ntawm kev xeem hauv xeev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam hauv xyoo 1987, tom qab pab pawg tsim qauv tshem tawm qee qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg. Tab sis lawv tsis tau txuas nrog qee qhov tsis raug thiab qhov tsis zoo hauv kev tsim cov riam phom tshiab, tab sis nrog kev xav tau los tsim cov mos txwv tshiab, txij li cov qauv uas twb muaj lawm tsuas tuaj yeem tsis phim lub zog sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Smerch.

New tiam rocket system

Kev ua haujlwm tib lub sijhawm tau ua tiav loj heev uas BM-30 "Smerch" tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb rau lub cim tshiab ntawm hom riam phom no. Qhov no feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tsim cov mos txwv tshiab kiag li. Ntawm no peb yuav tsum ua ib tug me me digression. Thaum cov neeg Amelikas tsim MLRS MLRS, lawv tuaj txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg: qhov ntau ntawm 30-40 km rau cov tshuab zoo li no yog qhov siab tshaj plaws, dhau qhov uas tus nqi tsis txaus ntseeg ua rau lawv siv tsis muaj nuj nqis.

Tab sis cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm "Smerch" tsis pom zoo rau txoj hauv kev no. Lawv muaj peev xwm tsim cov projectiles tshwj xeeb: lawv tsis tsuas yog ya mus rau qhov txwvnyob deb, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv txawv nyob rau hauv xws li me me dispersion ntsuas, uas yog ob mus rau peb lub sij hawm zoo dua li cov txawv teb chaws systems. Thaum kawg, qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Tula yog thawj zaug lub plhaub ntawm peb cov phom loj loj pib hloov kho tom qab tso tawm.

Projectile nta

Qhov tseeb yog qhov tshwj xeeb inertial kev taw qhia tau suav nrog hauv lawv qhov tsim. Nws muab kev ruaj ntseg zoo nyob rau hauv thawj feem ntawm lub trajectory, thiab kuj ua rau kev hloov kho rau lub zog ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsuas tau suav nrog ntau ntau yam, suav nrog qhov kub "outboard", cua ceev thiab kev taw qhia, huab cua av noo, thiab lwm yam.

Missiles lossis MLRS

Nws tsis pub leejtwg paub tias thaum N. S. Khrushchev, uas raug kev txom nyem los ntawm " foob pob ua ntxaij mania ", muaj hwj chim, muaj ntau yam piv txwv zoo ntawm howitzers thiab lwm hom phom phom loj mus rau hauv rab riam, uas ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev lag luam no qeeb. peb lub teb chaws tau ntau xyoo. Txhawm rau "them los ntawm" kev tsim ntawm lawv BM-30 "Smerch" nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov tsim tawm los ntawm Tula yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv nws cov yam ntxwv uas yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm sab saum toj ntawm qhov tsis sib xws ntawm lub kaw lus. Tsuas yog hauv qhov no xwb, nws thiaj li muaj sijhawm los txais yuav.

Tab sis vim li cas peb thiaj li kov tus cwj pwm ntawm Nikita Sergeevich hauv qhov teeb meem no, yog tias nws tso lub hwj chim hauv xyoo 1964? Qhov tseeb yog tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov txheej txheem tshiab ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tau ua tiav txij li xyoo 50s lig, tab sis qhov no yuav tsum tau ua, xyaum tsis tau tso.qhia rau daim ntawv ceeb toom. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1964 Khrushchev sab laug, thiab L. I. Brezhnev tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov creation ntawm tshiab technology. Tab sis qhov kev txhim kho tau muab lawv cov txiaj ntsig, uas tau dhau los ua qhov zoo heev.

MLRS BM-30 "Smerch" muaj ntau yam thiab "kev tuag" uas nws yog qhov chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws classic thiab cov foob pob hluav taws. Qhov tseeb, thawj zaug, Smerchas tau ua lub luag haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua hauv lub foob pob hluav taws, uas lees paub qhov kev hwm uas cov tub rog siab tshaj plaws ntawm USSR muaj rau lawv.

Txoj kev tam sim no

Hauv xyoo 1989, qhov hloov kho tshiab kawg ntawm BM-30 Smerch MLRS tau tso tawm. Tam sim no cov txheej txheem no tau raug coj los siv tsis yog hauv peb lub tebchaws xwb. Cov qauv no muaj los ntawm Ukraine, Belarus, Kuwait thiab United Arab Emirates. Raws li kev lig kev cai, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj tau rov qab qhia kev txaus siab rau lub tsheb, tab sis tsis muaj ntaub ntawv raug cai ntawm kev muag khoom lossis kev siv thev naus laus zis rau nws cov kev tsim. Qhov twg, txawm li cas los xij, tsis suav nrog qhov tseeb tias cov qauv niaj hnub ntawm PRC MLRS, zoo li nco txog Smerch, yuav luag txhua yam tsim los ntawm cov duab thiab zoo li cov tshuab uas cov Suav siv zog yuav los ntawm tib Ukrainians hauv 90s.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm qhov system

Ntau vim qee qhov ntseeg tias BM-30 Smerch ntau lub foob pob hluav taws muaj xws li tsuas yog tsheb nrog cov thawv rau tua lub plhaub, uas feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab hauv cov duab. Tab sis qhov no nyob deb ntawm rooj plaub:

• Tau kawg 9K58 sib ntaus sib tua nws tus kheej.
• tshuab thauj thiab pub cov plhaub 9T234-2.
• Ib pob mos txwv, uas, nyob ntawm txoj haujlwm, tuaj yeem sib txawv heev.
• Visual aids and training aids.
• Kit 9F819, uas suav nrog cov cuab yeej kho tshwj xeeb thiab cov cuab yeej rau kev teeb tsa cov cuab yeej siv siab.
• Slepok-1 tsis siv neeg tua hluav taws tswj qhov system.
• Tshuab rau kev ua tiav daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv los hais txog kev nyem thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov nyem.
• xov tooj cua kev taw qhia nrhiav kev teeb tsa 1B44. Nws tso cai rau koj los tshawb xyuas qhov ua ntej ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, kho qhov kev sib pauv xov tooj cua tsis tu ncua, suav nrog tus encrypted.

Lub launcher nws tus kheej muaj lub chassis nrog tubular rails thiab lub tsheb off-txoj kev MAZ-543. Lub artillery complex yog mounted nyob rau hauv lub stern, thiab nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej yog tus neeg tsav tsheb lub cabin thiab neeg coob lub rooj zaum, nruab, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau cov aiming thiab firing. MLRS tuaj yeem siv tau zoo hauv ntau yam kev nyab xeeb thiab huab cua, ntawm qhov ntsuas kub ntawm +50 txog -50 degrees Celsius.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov system

BM-30 "Smerch", qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev siv nws yog dab tsi? Txhua yam yog paub nyob rau hauv kev sib piv, thiab amazing yam ntxwv ntawm no system - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog. Yog li, yog tias cov lus dab neeg "Grad" tuaj yeem npog thaj tsam ntawm 4 hectares los ntawm kev ncua deb ntawm 20 km, "Hurricane" tsoo thaj tsam ntawm 29 hectares ntawm qhov deb txog li 35 km, American MLRS hlawv mus txog. 33 hec uathaj tsam rau 33 km ntawm kev ncua deb … Tom qab ntawd BM-30 "Smerch", uas nws cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo tsuas yog zoo heev, tuaj yeem npog 67 hectares tam sim ntawd, thiab qhov kev xa tawm mus txog 70 km!

Nws tau tshaj tawm tias qhov kev hloov kho tshiab kawg tuaj yeem nce qhov kev ncua deb tam sim ntawd mus txog ib puas kilometers. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis zoo li cov classic "Grad", lub plhaub ntawm cov kab ke no muaj peev xwm tsis tsuas yog tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau cov yeeb ncuab armored tsheb, stunning thiab inflicting plhaub poob siab rau nws cov neeg coob. Lawv tsuas tawg txawm tias lub tank hnyav nrog kev sib raug zoo vim lawv lub zog loj heev. Yog li BM-30 Smerch ntau lub foob pob hluav taws xob tua hluav taws xob yog qhov phom sij txaus ntshai ntawm lub zog puas tsuaj loj.

yam ntxwv ntawm siv cov projectiles

Thaum pom thawj zaug, lawv cov caliber tau tawm tsam rau lub hauv paus - tsuas yog 300 hli! Cov txheej txheem yog tus qauv aerodynamic, cov khoom txhawb nqa kev txhawb nqa lub cav uas khiav ntawm ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke ib zaug. Raws li peb tau hais lawm, lawv qhov txawv ntawm qhov txawv yog qhov muaj lub davhlau tswj kev tswj hwm uas kho lub suab thiab "tshis" ntawm chav kawm. Qhov kev tsim kho tshiab no nce qhov tseeb ntawm kev tua tsawg kawg ob zaug ntawm qhov deb tshaj plaws, thiab tus nqi tawg, txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo tshaj plaws, tsis pub tshaj 0.21% ntawm qhov kev tua hluav taws.

Muab nws yooj yim, txawm tias thaum tua ntawm qhov deb ntawm 70 km, lub plhaub poob nrog qhov sib txawv tsis pub tshaj 150 meters ntawm lub hom phiaj. Cov ntsuas no ua rau BM 30 9K58 Smerch ntsig txog cov tshuab phom loj niaj hnub no!

Flight course correction

Kho kom raug ua tiavgas-dynamic rudders tsav los ntawm high-pressure gas los ntawm ib tug onboard roj generator. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ruaj khov ntawm qhov projectile hauv kev ya davhlau tshwm sim vim nws qhov kev sib hloov nyob ib ncig ntawm lub axis longitudinal, muab los ntawm kev ua ntej spin-up thaum tsiv raws tubular qhia thiab txhawb nqa hauv kev ya davhlau los ntawm kev txhim kho cov hniav ntawm qhov poob-down stabilizer ntawm lub kaum sab xis. lub longitudinal axis ntawm lub projectile.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov mos txwv txheej txheem

Cov hom plhaub hauv qab no tuaj yeem suav nrog hauv cov mos txwv thauj khoom:

• 9M55F, hom ntau tshaj plaws. Lub taub hau yog ib qho detachable monoblock nrog lub siab tawg tawg hom kev ua.
• 9M55K. Nws nta ib pawg tub rog, uas muaj 72 fragmentation submunitions.
• 9M55K1. Nws kuj tseem muaj lub taub hau sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis qhov no nws muaj tsib lub phiaj xwm me me nrog rau kev taw qhia tus kheej.
• 9M55K4. Lub cassette warhead muaj plaub qhov kev tiv thaiv tank mines, npaj rau kev ua haujlwm nyob deb ntawm thaj chaw.
• 9M55K5. nrog pawg warhead nrog cumulative fragmentation warheads;
• 9M55C nrog lub taub hau thermobaric;
• 9M528 nrog cov foob pob tawg siab heev.

Koj tuaj yeem tua ib zaug lossis ntaus pob. Txhua qhov projectiles tuaj yeem raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv 38 vib nas this. Kev tso tawm tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm lub tsheb tavxij lossis siv cov chaw taws teeb tswj. Lub zog ntawm lub installation yog pov thawj tsawg kawg yog los ntawm qhov tseeb tias peb qhov kev teeb tsa no tsis yog qis dua rau ob lub Tochka-U missiles nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Ib tag nrho salvoshells nrog ib pawg tub rog tuaj yeem npog txog 400,000 square meters ib zaug. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, lub BM-30 "Smerch", daim duab uas yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, yog ib tug haib riam phom tiag tiag, lub peev xwm ntawm uas txhawb siab rau kev hwm.

Tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm txhua qhov projectile, tsis hais nws hom, yog 800 kilograms, nrog rau lub taub hau nws tus kheej suav txog 280 kilograms. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm txoj kev mus rau lub hom phiaj yog los ntawm 30 mus rau 60 degrees, tab sis qee hom projectiles tuaj yeem teem caij dhia dej ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 90 degrees. Xws li "meteorites" ua qhov hauv cov tsheb hnyav hnyav dhau los.

Txawm tias tsis muaj kev nkag mus, qhov tawg ntawm 280 kg ntawm cov khoom tawg nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm lub tank tam sim no yog qee yam kev tuag los ntawm kev raug mob hnyav rau nws cov neeg coob, thiab lub tsheb yuav tau txais kev puas tsuaj uas nws yuav tsis txawm txav mus los. kho. Vim li no, BM-30 "Smerch" lossis MLRS "Tornado" (ntau yam hloov tshiab) tuaj yeem siv los ua ib txoj hauv kev los nres cov kab hauv lub peb hlis ntuj. Ib yam zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv Georgia xyoo 2008, thaum Grads npog ib pab pawg ntawm Georgian tso tsheb hlau luam tawg mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm peb cov tub rog.

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Raws li peb tau hais lawm, xyoo 1989 cov txheej txheem tau hloov kho dua tshiab. Thaum lub sij hawm nws, yuav luag tag nrho cov hluav taws xob thiab xov tooj cua navigation "khoom" ntawm tag nrho cov complex tau hloov:

• Ntxiv qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib pauv ceev ceev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tactical nrog lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm Tornadoes, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau muab zais thiab nruj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud.
• Kev tswj hwm tus kheej rau kev xa tawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw thiab nthuav tawm qhov nocov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub sijhawm.
• Tsis siv neeg ya davhlau ua haujlwm suav thiab tawm tswv yim.
• Muaj peev xwm npaj txhij rau kev teeb tsa rau kev tua, suav nrog kev xa tawm thiab kev tsom, yam tsis tas yuav tsum muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tawm hauv lub cockpit.

Vim qhov kev tsim kho tshiab kawg, BM-30 Smerch, uas nws cov yam ntxwv peb tau txheeb xyuas, tau dhau los ua ib qho kev tswj hwm ntau dua thiab ua kom muaj zog. Txij no mus, artillerymen muaj peev xwm tua ib tug volley thiab tam sim ntawd thim rov qab mus rau lawv cov thawj txoj hauj lwm, uas ua rau kom txo tau qhov tshwm sim ntawm nrhiav tau thiab tshem tawm ntawm lub installation los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.