Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab cov monuments tau mob siab rau lawv, lawv tau piav qhia ntawm caj npab ntawm caj npab, lawv tau txais kev hwm ntev ntev raws li cov khoom muaj nqis thiab kim heev. Sturgeon caviar yog suav hais tias yog lub cim ntawm kev vam meej thiab kev nplua nuj. Ib tug sturgeon nyob tau pes tsawg xyoo? Nws nyob qhov twg? Hom ntses no yog dab tsi? Ntau npaum li cas nyob hauv peb cov dej? Wb tham txog nws hauv peb tsab xov xwm.
tus sturgeon nyob ntev npaum li cas?
Luv luv, lo lus nug no tuaj yeem teb tau raws li hauv qab no: sturgeon yog suav tias yog ntses noj qab nyob zoo. Qhov tsuas yog kev zam yog sterlet. Cov kws tshawb fawb qhuas teb cov lus nug txog ntev npaum li cas tus sturgeon nyob: lub neej expectancy ntawm qee hom sturgeon ncav cuag ib puas xyoo. Los yog, lawv tuaj yeem nyob rau hnub nyoog no, yog tias tsis yog rau tus neeg uas tsis xav thiab tswj tsis tau cov ntses no thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm nws qhov muag.
Ntev npaum li cas tus sturgeon nyob thiab nws loj
Sturgeon yog cov ntses loj heev uas yog cov ntses ray-finned, subclass ntawm cartilaginous ganoids. Tus nqi siab thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg ntses no ncaj qha rau nws qhov loj, qauv thiab keeb kwm. Lub cev ntev ntawm sturgeon qee zaum nce mus txog rau meters, qhov hnyav tshaj plaws yog 816 kg. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov nruab nrab sturgeon ntses mus rau hauv kev nuv ntses yog los ntawm 12 mus rau 16 kg. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntses yog ncaj qha ntsig txog nws cov keeb kwm thaum ub.
Txog tus qauv ntawm sturgeon
Cov lus nug ntawm lub neej ntev npaum li cas sturgeon tsim nyog mloog thiab hwm. Tseeb tiag, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, cov tsev neeg sturgeon tau nyob hauv cov chaw khaws cia txij li thaum ub, thaum tsis muaj cov noog dej hauv lawv. Qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev ntawm sturgeon.
Cov pob txha ntawm tus ntses muaj pob txha mos, nws tsis muaj txha. Thoob plaws hauv lub neej, sturgeon khaws lub notochord. Lub xub ntiag ntawm pob txha mos chord - lub hauv paus ntawm lub pob txha axial - yog ncaj qha ntsig txog pes tsawg xyoo tus ntses sturgeon nyob. Qhov tsis muaj lub cev vertebral, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, ua tim khawv rau nws cov keeb kwm yav dhau los, yos rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm uas tsis muaj cov noog dej hauv cov dej hauv ntiaj teb. Teb cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas sturgeons nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej, cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias cov ntses no tau tshwm sim hauv lub ntiaj teb cov dej hauv lub sijhawm Cretaceous, piv txwv li, txog 86-71 lab xyoo dhau los.
Cov qauv ntawm cov ntses yog qhov txawv los ntawm qee qhov kev nthuav dav: lub cev yog elongated, tsis muaj nplai, muaj spindle zoo. Nws muaj tsib kab ntawm pob zeb diamond-puab daim ntaub thaiv npog. Ib kab nyob rau ntawm lub ridge muaj 10-20 xws li scutes. Cov pob txha sab hauv, muaj cov pob txha mos, xaus nrog lub cranium. Lub taub hau ntawm sturgeon yog me me, lub muzzle yog cone-puab, elongated. Thaum kawg yog plaub antennae (fringeyog tsis muaj). Lub qhov ncauj yog protruding, daim di ncauj yog heev fleshy, tsis muaj hniav. Sturgeon kib hlob cov hniav me me, tab sis thaum kawg lawv poob tawm.
Hais txog cov yam ntxwv sab nraud ntawm sturgeon
Ntau tus neeg tsis tsuas yog tsis paub txog cov lus nug ntawm seb tus sturgeon nyob ntev npaum li cas, tab sis lawv tseem tsis paub tias cov ntses no zoo li cas. Lawv yuav tsum txiav txim siab qhov no los ntawm kev saib xyuas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm sturgeons uas tau nthuav tawm hauv cov thoob dej yug ntses ntawm cov khw tshwj xeeb loj.
Nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub cev ntawm sturgeon, cov pob txha daim hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hnub qub yog randomly tawg. Lub pectoral fin yog nruj heev, cov duab ntawm lub anterior ray zoo li ib tug pos. Lub dorsal fin muaj 27-51 rays ua rau lub caudal fin. Lub zais zis ua luam dej yog tsim tau zoo. Cov xim ntawm lub cev nto ntawm sturgeon feem ntau yog grey. Txawm li cas los xij, tej zaum yuav muaj thaj ua rau thaj tsam sib dua los yog greyish-dub xim ntawm sab nraub qaum. Cov sab feem ntau yog xim av, lub plab yog dawb.
About habitat
Sturgeons tau muab faib ua subspecies ntawm anadromous, semi-anadromous thiab cov ntses dej tshiab. Cov chaw nyob tseem ceeb yog North America, Europe, nrog rau sab qaum teb-kub ntawm Asia. Sturgeons pom ob qho tib si hauv cov dej qab ntsev los yog ntsev, thiab hauv dej tshiab. Qee tus sturgeon nyob hauv hiav txwv thiab pas dej, tab sis thaum lub caij yug me nyuam lawv tsuas yog mus rau cov dej ntws xwb.
About spawning
Ntau zaus, cov neeg nyiam ntuj nug: Ntev npaum li cas tus sturgeon nyob muab caviar? Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm sturgeon ncav cuag kev sib daj sib deev heev lig - txiv neej tau npaj rau spawning ntawm 5-18 xyoo, poj niam - ntawm 8-21 xyoo. cheeb tsamChaw nyob ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev puberty ntawm ntses - sab qaum teb ntxiv ib hom tsiaj nyob, tom qab nws cov neeg sawv cev yuav pib yug me nyuam. Spawning ntawm sturgeon poj niam tshwm sim ib zaug txhua peb mus rau tsib xyoos. Spawning migration kav txij thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav mus txog rau lub caij nplooj zeeg lig.
About ntau yam ntawm sturgeons
Lub genus sturgeon yog sawv cev los ntawm kaum xya hom ntses, feem ntau ntawm cov verge ntawm extinction thiab tau teev nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Liab. Sturgeons suav nrog cov ntses nram qab no uas nyob hauv thaj chaw qub Soviet Union: beluga, kaluga, shovelnose, sterlet, spike, stellate sturgeon, Atlantic sturgeon, Pacific (Sakhalin), Lavxias, Persian (South Caspian), Amur, Siberian sturgeon., nrog rau peb hom pseudoshovelnose (loj, me thiab pseudoshovelnose Fedchenko). Hais txog qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv - tom qab hauv tsab xov xwm.
Siberian sturgeon
Cov ntses loj no ncav cuag ob meters ntev. Qhov hnyav ntawm ib tus neeg yog li 210 kilograms. Ntses pom nyob rau hauv Siberian Rivers - los ntawm Ob mus rau Kolyma. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws kuj nyob hauv lub reservoir ntawm sab hnub tuaj Kazakhstan thiab ntawm Lake Baikal. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom no nyob 60 xyoo. Qee zaum Siberian sturgeon hla nrog sterlet, ua rau ntses hu ua bonfire.
Dawb sturgeon
Cov ntses loj no yog qhov loj thib ob tsuas yog beluga xwb. Nws muaj lub cev sib luag, ncav cuag qhov ntev ntawm ntau tshaj rau meters. Qhov hnyav ntawm ib tus neeg tuaj yeem ncav cuag 800 kg. Nws pub rau crustaceans, lampreys, mollusks thiab ntses. Nyob hauv dej hiav txwv Pacific, nyob ze ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poobNorth America. Cov ntses no spawns hauv cov dej qab ntsev thiab dej tshiab.
Russian sturgeon
Nov yog thawj hom sturgeon, bred artificially. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv ntiaj teb vim qhov zoo ntawm caviar thiab nqaij. Ib tug sturgeon nyob ntev npaum li cas? Lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom no yog kwv yees li 46 xyoo. Alas, Lavxias teb sab sturgeon yog nyob rau verge ntawm extinction. Nws txawv ntawm lwm hom nyob rau hauv nws luv luv thiab blunt muzzle nrog antennae loj hlob los ze zog mus rau nws kawg. Qhov ntev ntawm tus neeg tuaj yeem ncav cuag ob thiab ib nrab metres, qhov hnyav yog ntau dua 115 kg. Tus qauv hnyav ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm hom no tsis pub tshaj 12-24 kg.
Kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov ntses nyob ntawm nws qhov chaw nyob thiab feem ntau yog cov cab, mysids, crayfish thiab ntses: herring, mullet thiab shemai. Lavxias sturgeon muaj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov loj reservoirs ntawm peb lub teb chaws. Nws qhov chaw nyob tseem ceeb yog Azov, Dub thiab Caspian Seas.
Sakhalin sturgeon
hom kab no yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws thiab kawm tsis zoo. Qhov nruab nrab lub cev ntev ntawm tus neeg laus yog hais txog ib thiab ib nrab meters, qhov hnyav nce mus txog 35-45 kg. Cov neeg laus cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom yog txawv los ntawm ib tug loj blunt muzzle thiab ib tug ntsuab xim. Cov khoom noj muaj xws li qwj, mollusks, kab larvae, ntses me me thiab crustaceans. Sakhalin sturgeon yog cov neeg nyob hauv Hiav Txwv Okhotsk thiab Hiav Txwv Nyiv. Nws feem ntau spawns nyob rau hauv Khabarovsk Territory.
Beluga
Cov lus nug nram qab no feem ntau nug: sturgeon thiab beluga nyob ntev npaum li cas - tus sawv cev loj tshaj plaws ntawm hom sturgeon?
Beluga,Tseeb, nws impresses nrog nws sab nraud tsis. Lub cev ntev ntawm cov ntses no qee zaum nce mus txog tsib meters, lub beluga hnyav ntau tshaj ib tuj. Nws yog beluga uas yog lub neej ntev tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus sturgeons, uas nws muaj hnub nyoog tuaj yeem ncav cuag ib puas xyoo. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm archaeological excavations paub, nyob rau hauv uas cov seem ntawm beluga cov neeg los ntawm Middle Ages tau pom. Lawv qhov loj tshaj li rau meters. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg nuv ntses feem ntau tuag yog tias tus loj heev poob rau hauv lawv cov khoom siv. Azov beluga ncav cuag kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib deev ntxov dua li lwm hom: poj niam - thaum muaj hnub nyoog 12-14 xyoo, txiv neej - thaum muaj hnub nyoog 16-18 xyoo.) thiab 17-26 (txiv neej) xyoo.
Beluga suav tias yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus sturgeons. Cov neeg loj tshaj plaws nteg qe txog li 7.7 lab qe.
Kaluga
hom no yog nyob rau hauv cov dej tshiab loj tshaj plaws. Qhov ntev ntawm tus neeg tuaj yeem ncav cuag 3.7 meters, qhov hnyav - 380 kilograms, lub neej ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm fauna yog li 55 xyoo. Kev loj hlob ntawm Kaluga tuaj lig: cov txiv neej loj hlob ntawm 17-19 xyoo, poj niam ntawm 18 txog 23 xyoo. Cov ntses yog qhov loj heev: tus naj npawb ntawm nws cov qe thaum lub sij hawm spawning tej zaum mus txog plaub lab daim. Qhov loj ntawm kaluga qe ncav cuag plaub millimeters hauv txoj kab uas hla.
Sterlet
Cov ntses no yog qhov me tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntses dej qab zib: nws qhov ntev yog li 1.2 meters, thiab nws qhov hnyav txog li 16 kilograms. Sterlet yog txawv los ntawm lwm yam tsiaj los ntawm ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm lateral scutes (tshaj 50), nrog rau lub xub ntiag.fringed kav hlau txais xov. Lwm qhov nthuav dav ntawm cov ntses no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov duab ntawm lub snout - nws tuaj yeem ua tau ntse thiab blunt.
Npaj-nosed sterlet loj hlob sai dua, noj tau zoo dua thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li nws tus viv ncaus ntse. Qhov sib txawv zoo sib xws kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lwm cov dej qab zib sturgeon - Siberian thiab Amur.
Stellate sturgeon
Zoo li txhua hom sturgeon, stellate sturgeon muaj ntau qhov sib txawv: nws yooj yim rau kev paub los ntawm nws qhov ntev xiphoid muzzle (tshaj 60% ntawm lub taub hau ntev).
Qhov ntev ntawm lub cev nce mus txog ob thiab ib nrab metres, hnyav - 80 kg. Lub stellate sturgeon yog cov thermophilic tshaj plaws ntawm txhua hom migratory, yog li nws mus rau spawn tom qab lwm tus, thaum dej kub nce mus txog qib tsim nyog. Cov tsiaj no nyob hauv ib qho ntawm thawj qhov chaw ntawm kev nuv ntses sturgeon. Kev tsim cov ntses tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ua nyob rau hauv Urals.
Atlantic sturgeon
Nov yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws anadromous sturgeon hom. Qhov ntev ntawm ib tug neeg ncav cuag peb meters nyob rau hauv ntev, thiab qhov hnyav yog tshaj 200 kilograms. Nyob rau hauv radically striated nto ntawm lub cev ntawm cov kob ntawm Atlantic, muaj ntau yam kab mob loj, thiab lub pectoral fin yog nruab nrog ib tug haib pob txha rays. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov pejxeem no, ib zaug ntau, hnub no muaj txog 1 txhiab tus neeg. Lub hauv paus chaw nyob yog lub hiav txwv Dub. Zoo li txhua hom sturgeon, Atlantic sturgeon sawv cev tseem ceebcoj mus muag tus nqi.
Rau cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev phom sij ntawm sturgeon
Cov ntsiab lus calorie ntawm cov nqaij sturgeon yog li 160 kcal calories ib 100 g ntawm cov khoom. Nws muaj ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov proteins uas yooj yim digestible, vim hais tias cov khoom no yog digested sai txaus. Sturgeon feem ntau siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom noj, vim nws cov ntsiab lus nplua nuj ntawm cov acids tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub cev, cov vitamins C, PP, B thiab A, macronutrients potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, thiab sodium, hlau, chromium, nickel, iodine thiab fluorine.
Sturgeon caviar yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lipids thiab protein. Cov ntsiab lus caloric ntawm caviar tshaj cov nqaij hauv qhov ntsuas no thiab yog 200 kcal ib 100 g ntawm cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, nws raug nquahu kom siv nws rau tib neeg lub sijhawm rov qab los tom qab muaj mob hnyav.
Sturgeon, thaum noj tsis tu ncua, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub xeev ntawm tib neeg cov hlab plawv, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm myocardial infarction thiab cov ntshav cholesterol, txhawb kev loj hlob thiab ntxiv dag zog ntawm cov pob txha, thiab txhim kho cov tawv nqaij mob.
Txawm hais tias qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev noj cov khoom sturgeon pom tseeb, cov nqaij sturgeon tseem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau lub cev. Sturgeon, nrog rau caviar, tej zaum yuav kis tau tus kab mob botulism, yog li koj yuav tsum tau yuav cov khoom no tsuas yog los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom ntseeg siab. Thaum muas, xyuam xim rau lawv qhov tsw thiab qhov tsos.
Puas muaj sturgeon nyob tsis muaj dej?
Ib lo lus nug tseem ceeb yog ib qho uas feem ntau ua tauntsib ntawm cov rooj sib tham tshwj xeeb ua noj: ntev npaum li cas tus sturgeon nyob tsis muaj dej? Feem ntau, hobbyists yuav nyob sturgeon, uas yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv no ua ntej nws txiav. Nws paub tias tsis yog tsuas yog gills tau yoog rau ua pa hauv ntses. Kev sib pauv roj tshwm sim los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntub. Hauv cov ntses tsis muaj nplai, yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov pa oxygen noj los ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Pike, carp, tench, crucian carp thiab ntau lwm cov ntses (tsuas yog cyprinids) tau ua tiav kom ciaj sia yog tias lawv nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm cov moss ntub lossis nyom. Tus tuav ntaub ntawv rau ciaj sia tsis muaj dej yog crucian carp. Cov ntses no tuaj yeem nyob tsis muaj dej rau kaum ib hnub, tench - txog xya hnub, carp - ob hnub, thaum bream - tsuas yog ob peb teev (ntawm qhov kub qis). Cov ntses tuag sai li sai tau thaum daim tawv nqaij qhuav.
Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, ua kom tus sturgeon ciaj sia tsis muaj dej rau ib hnub tsis yooj yim li. Ua li no, muab cov ntses tso rau hauv lub hnab yas uas muaj zog, sau nws nrog ib feem peb ntawm cov dej uas nws tau ua ntej, tso cov pa oxygen mus rau qhov seem ntawm qhov ntim thiab khi kom nruj. Khaws sturgeon hauv qhov chaw txias.
