Muaj ntau dua 2,500 hom kab no thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Lawv tshwm sim tawm ntawm xiav thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thaw, uas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov dej khov drift. Txhua xyoo thiab tsis tu ncua, qhov hu ua nas dragonflies nrog rau lub caij cua daj cua dub no. Yog li ntawd lawv lub npe - stoneflies. Cov kab no pom nyob ze rau lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg. Tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov caij nplooj ntoo hlav no, txawm tias lawv yog cov tiaj tiaj, uas tib neeg tsis tuaj yeem tsis pom, vim qhov xwm txheej tsuas yog sawv thiab tsis tshua muaj ntau hom kab.
piav qhia dav dav ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm pob zeb
Plecoptera yog kab amphibiotic paub los ntawm Permian lub sijhawm. Cov neeg laus nyob hauv av, thaum larvae nyob hauv dej tshiab. Lub cev ntawm cov kab stonefly (daim duab tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) nws txawv ntawm 3.5 mus rau 38.0 millimeters, nyob ntawm seb hom. Lawv muaj ntau ntu ntev kav hlau txais xov, kuj loj, hemisphere zoo li lub qhov muag, thiab ib khub ntawm lub cev me me ntawm lub zeem muag. Lawv lub cev xim txawv - los ntawm xim av mus rau ntsuab, nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw. Ntawm lub plab yog ob khub pob tshab tis nrogntau cov hlab ntsha, nrog rau cov posterior sawv daws yuav wider tshaj cov anterior sawv daws yuav. Qee hom stoneflies luv luv lossis tsis muaj tis txhua.
Lub cev ntawm cov kab no yog flattened, thiab lub plab mog xaus nrog ob tug multi-segmented tails ntev threads-cerci. Lawv kuj luv luv, ib ntus, thiab hauv cov txiv neej ntawm qee hom lawv tau hloov kho heev - lawv muaj spikes lossis hooks.
Qhov txawv ntawm
Kab stoneflies tsis ci nrog kev zoo nkauj thiab tsis ua rau kev qhuas. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv zoo li earwigs. Lub npe tsuas yog tom kawg ua rau qee qhov qias neeg hauv ntau. Stoneflies txawv ntawm cov kab hais tias lawv muaj zog elongated, flattened thiab saj zawg zog, muaj membranous pem hauv ntej tis, uas tsis compact, raws li nyob rau hauv beetles los yog earwigs, rau hauv keratinized formations. Thaum kawg ntawm lub plab mog muaj filiform tail appendages. Muab piv rau cov pob ntseg pob ntseg uas muaj zog, lawv yog cov thinner ntau dua.
ntau hom thiab chaw nyob
Ib qho ntawm cov pob zeb loj tshaj plaws nyob sab Europe yog lub diav rawg-tailed hlaws. Nws lub cev ntev peb centimeters.
Nyob hauv thaj av Baikal, muaj kwv yees li 50 hom kab stonefly uas yog 7 tsev neeg. Hauv thaj chaw ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm taiga Rivers, cov kab ntsuab tau pom ntau zaus, cov larvae uas me dua. Lawv yog cov teeb heev hauv cov xim tab sis ua ntsuab lossis daj thaum lawv loj tuaj.
Cov neeg sawv cev kuj muajstonefly tsev neeg ntawm xim av xim thiab loj dua. Cov larvae loj heev (txog li 2 cm ntev) ntawm kab ntawm tsev neeg no feem ntau pom muaj nyob hauv roob ceev ceev thiab hauv qab pob zeb. Heev mobile thiab muaj zog larvae yog nquag thiab voracious predators. Lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam tua lawv cov txheeb ze ze - mayflies.
Cov kab mob ntawm cov pob zeb ntsuab nyob ua ke nrog pob zeb. Hom kab no tau txais nws lub npe rau nws cov xim ntsuab ntawm cov kab laus. Lawv feature yog nyob rau hauv cylindrical thiab nqaim duab. Tsis zoo li lawv, larvae ntawm stoneflies muaj luv luv, muaj zog thiab stocky tsaus lub cev. Lawv tau yooj yim txawv ntawm lwm tsev neeg los ntawm splayed, rudimentary tis extending ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub cev.
Nyob hauv thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm Lavxias, feem ntau koj tuaj yeem pom cov pob zeb daj-ko taw, uas tuaj yeem nyob txawm tias nyob hauv dej tsis tu ncua, thiab muaj cov pa oxygen tsawg. Qhov ntev ntawm nws lub cev txawv ntawm 13-27 mm. Cov kab laus ntawm hom no pom thaum lub Plaub Hlis mus txog rau lub Cuaj Hli. Lawv cov larvae, nyob rau hauv cov dej tshiab reservoirs, noj cov nroj tsuag dej thiab decaying organic teeb meem.
Txoj kev tsim tawm
Kab stoneflies hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob yog tsav tsheb. Lawv cov larvae loj hlob nyob rau hauv dej, thiab thaum lub sij hawm imago (cov laus theem ntawm kab loj hlob), lawv tuaj rau av rau molt. Feem ntau lawv ya tsis muaj zog, thiab qee qhov tau txo tis. Ntau hom, nyob ze ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, swarm thiab nyob ntau pua meters ntawm qhov chaw yug me nyuam. Interestingly, tus poj niam tom qabmating tee pob khoom ntawm cov qe rau hauv dej, kov qhov chaw ntawm lub reservoir hauv davhlau nrog nws lub plab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov larvae tsim nws tus kheej.
Kev yug me nyuam ntawm stoneflies zoo ib yam li kev yug me nyuam ntawm dragonflies, mus txog tso qe rau hauv dej, daig ua ke nyob rau hauv ib lub pob. Lawv cov qe me me heev. Cov larvae, ua ntej hloov mus rau hauv cov kab laus, raug xaiv rau ntawm tsob ntoo trunks, pob zeb (tag nrho cov khoom nto). Cov tawv nqaij uas lawv tau los nyob ntawd.
Chaw nyob thiab kev ua neej
Txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kab ntawm stoneflies, zoo li lawv cov larvae, yog cua daj cua dub heev. Feem ntau nyiam nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm reservoirs nrog dej ntws. Cov larvae nyob hauv roob ntws thiab lwm yam dej ntws me me. Nyob rau hauv Siberia thiab nyob rau hauv lub colder latitudes ntawm sab qaum teb, stoneflies Taeniopteryx nebulosa yog thawj cov kab dej tawm. Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no lawv hu ua "glaciers", vim hais tias kev tawm ntawm cov kab no tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub Plaub Hlis, thiab lub sij hawm no cov dej ntws tsuas yog qhib los ntawm cov dej khov. Hauv thaj chaw yav qab teb, cov ntses dej khov ua rau lawv thawj lub dav hlau loj thaum lub Peb Hlis, thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb latitudes ntau, lawv lub davhlau yuav ncua mus txog rau lub Tsib Hlis.
Kab laus coj tsuas yog txoj kev ua neej nyob hauv av, ua raws li thaj tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Lawv feem ntau zaum ntawm pob zeb thiab lwm yam khoom nyob ib puag ncig, tshem tawm tsis tshua muaj. Txawm hais tias lawv tau xaiv cov ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm cov dej tshiab, lawv tsis pom tshwj xeeb nyob rau ntawd, vim tias lawv feem ntau nyob hauv pob zeb lossis hauv qab plua plav, thiab.ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov av. Txawm hais tias cov kab zaum qhib, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau pom lawv: nrog tis tis ntawm lawv nraub qaum, tsaus, lawv xyaum ua ke nrog lawv qhov chaw nyob. Yog tias lawv cuam tshuam, stoneflies sai sai khiav, nkaum hauv txhua qhov tawg. Thiab lawv ya ze rau hauv av, tab sis ntau zaus lawv nkag thiab khiav. Feem ntau cov kab mob stonefly cov neeg laus, zoo li mayflies, ua tau zoo yam tsis muaj zaub mov, tab sis txaus siab haus dej.
Cov larvae coj txoj kev ua neej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw feem ntau hauv cov dej ntws. Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho lawv tuaj yeem pom ntawm roob hav dej, ntawm cov pob zeb. Lawv zam cov dej thickets thiab me me overgrown reservoirs. Vim lub fact tias cov larvae txav mus rau active, lawv noj ntau heev oxygen. Yog li ntawd, lawv rov ua dua cov pa oxygen nyob ib puag ncig lawv tus kheej, ua kom nrawm nrawm nrog lawv lub plab, tsa thiab txo qis (kwv yees li 100 strokes hauv ib feeb). Larvae tsim nyob rau hauv dej rau 1-3 xyoos, thaum mus txog 30 molts, uas yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kab. Zoo li cov neeg laus stoneflies, lawv nkag tau thiab khiav ceev, tab sis tsis tshua ua luam dej.
Lawv noj cov larvae ntawm ntau yam tsiaj me me, uas lawv tuav nrog lawv cov claws. Lawv lub qhov ncauj yog gnawing (hnyav serrated puab tsaig), tab sis lawv tsis pub raws li cov neeg laus.
Meaning
Kab stoneflies yog qhov rhiab heev rau cov dej huv huv, thiab cov kws tshaj lij txiav txim siab qhov muaj kuab paug los ntawm lawv lub cev hauv dej. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias tsis ntev los no cov kab no tau pib ploj los ntawm ntau qhov chaw.kev nyob, uas yog txuam nrog cov pa phem ntawm lub cev dej. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, qhov no kuj ua rau lub fact tias cov ntses nyob rau hauv lawv yog sab laug yam tsis muaj cov zaub mov tseem ceeb. Stonefly larvae yog cov zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov ntses delicacy xws li trout thiab salmon.
Me ntsis paub txog kev phom sij ntawm cov kab no rau kev cog qoob loo. Ntxiv mus, nws twb paub meej tias nyob rau theem ntawm ib tug neeg laus kab lawv tsuas nyiam haus. Tej zaum cov kab stonefly muaj teeb meem rau tswb kua txob, tab sis tsis ntau npaum li cov kab dawb thiab lwm yam kab tsuag.
Nyob hauv kaw
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm txhua tus tsiaj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej yog vim lawv ntau haiv neeg thiab kev nplua nuj. Piv txwv li, herbivores uas pub rau cov nroj tsuag tswj lawv txoj kev loj hlob, thaum predators thiab parasitics yog zoo correctors ntawm cov tsiaj uas lawv siv los ua zaub mov. Thiab stonefly pom nws lub hom phiaj hauv kev sib haum xeeb, kev sib txuas ntawm cov xwm txheej.
