Yuav kom nkag siab tias cov nkoj loj thiab me me los tiv thaiv cov nkoj nkoj tau yug los, dab tsi cuam tshuam rau kev siv cov kev siv thiab lub xeev tam sim no, ib tus yuav tsum nkag siab txog keeb kwm.
A trip to history
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov nkoj los ntawm cov neeg tua rog tau sib tham hauv cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Nrog rau kev tsim khoom hauv xyoo 1865 los ntawm Lavxias tus kws tshawb fawb Aleksandrovsky ntawm lub torpedo, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau hu ua "kuv tus kheej-propelled mine", maritime powers thoob ntiaj teb pib nquag tsim lawv cov mine rog, uas ua rau lub fact tias los ntawm lub hiav txwv powers nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua feem ntau ntawm cov nkoj ntawm txhua lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb no feem ntau yog cov tub rog nrog cov nkoj me me, hu ua "destroyers".
Cov lus nug tau tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam cov nkoj zoo li no, muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov yeeb ncuab nkoj. Qhov kev daws teeb meem tau pom nyob rau hauv Great Britain, qhov twg hauv 1881 lub rammed destroyer Polyphemus tawm ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub nkoj hauv Chatham, dhau los ua lub nkoj nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv British fleet nruab nrog ib tug ram. "Polyphemus" yog tus thawj ntawm cov neeg tua neeg (destroyers), uas, dhau los, yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov nkoj tiv thaiv submarine.
Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum
Rise of destroyerstuaj rau ntiaj teb tsov rog. Hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum Ib, vim tias ntshai poob lub nkoj loj hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua qhib, cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua nquag siv cov neeg tua neeg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II uas lawv tau ntsib submarines, dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, cov neeg tua hluav taws tau muaj kev hloov pauv loj, tau los ze zog rau cov nkoj tiv thaiv submarine. Nrog rau kev maj mam tso tseg ntawm cov riam phom torpedo thiab lawv hloov nrog cov foob pob thiab qhov tob, cov riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws tau pib loj hlob, thiab lawv tus kheej tau pib siv los ua ntau lub hom phiaj, dhau los ua "phom fodder" ntawm cov yeeb ncuab nkoj..
Nyob rau hauv lub USSR thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, muaj ib chav tshwj xeeb ntawm cov nkoj tsim feem ntau los tawm tsam submarines. Peb tab tom tham txog lub npe hu ua submarine yos hav zoov. Nws yog los ntawm lawv cov nkoj niaj hnub tiv thaiv submarine tuaj.
Los ntawm lub nkoj rhuav tshem mus rau lub nkoj tiv thaiv submarine
Cov tsos ntawm cov nkoj tiv thaiv submarine feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog Kev Tsov Rog Txias thiab kev txhim kho ntawm submarines. Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, cov lus nug ntawm kev ua tsov rog nuclear tshwm sim. Cov tub rog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm USSR thiab Asmeskas tau xav tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev tawm tsam nuclear ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thaj chaw uas siv txhua txoj kev muaj: foob pob thiab foob pob hluav taws. Cov tom kawg, ntxiv rau qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov thiab lub platform txawb, kuj tseem nyob rau ntawm lub nkoj hauv nkoj nuclear, tiv thaiv tag nrho los ntawm kev tawm tsam nuclear thiab muaj peev xwm tua cov cuaj luaj nyob ze rau.yeeb ncuab. Cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam cov nkoj no, uas tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov nkoj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev sib ntaus tawm tsam submarines.
Kev paub ntawm USSR
Nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, cov teeb meem ntawm kev tawm tsam submarine ua tsov rog tau saib xyuas hauv 1960s. Ntau lub tswv yim tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kub taub hau ntawm lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm ntawm Navy thaum ntxov 70s txawm hais tias tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv submarine zoo ib yam li huab cua tiv thaiv kab ke uas tiv thaiv lub ntuj ntawm thaj av ntawm Soviets. Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws no tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias thaum kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm USSR, Soviet fleet muaj ntau yam kev tiv thaiv submarine ships, feem ntau yog tsim los nrhiav thiab rhuav tshem submarines lossis tiv thaiv cov nkoj loj. Cov kev pabcuam escort, uas cov neeg rhuav tshem feem ntau koom nrog, tsis suav nrog cov haujlwm ntawm subclass tshiab.
ASW nkoj ntawm USSR Navy, raws li kev faib tawm xyoo 1990, tau muab faib ua cov nkoj tiv thaiv submarine (ASC), cov nkoj loj los tiv thaiv submarine (BOD), nkoj saib xyuas (SKR) thiab cov nkoj me me tiv thaiv submarine. (MPK).
Nyob rau hauv lub 60s, thawj tiam ntawm anti-submarine ships nkag mus rau hauv kev pab cuam nrog lub Soviet Navy, sawv cev los ntawm project 61 qauv, project 159 thiab project 31 patrol ships thiab project 204 me me anti-submarine ships. cov chaw sonar siab heev nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab tau ua tub rog los tiv thaiv submarine torpedoes thiab foob pob hluav taws-propelled bombers. Tab sis vim yog qhov luv luv ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb, qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov riam phom thiab tsis muaj lub dav hlau helicopters, thawj cov nkoj tiv thaiv submarine tau qis.kev ua tau zoo thiab tau hloov pauv sai sai los ntawm cov tshiab uas nws cov qauv tsim tau pib embodied hauv hlau los ntawm 1967.
Second Generation
thawj lub nkoj ntawm tiam thib ob yog Project 1123 tiv thaiv submarine cruisers, uas tsis muaj peev xwm los ua lub hauv paus nyoob hoom qav taub thiab muaj zog tiv thaiv submarine tiv thaiv riam phom. Tom ntej no, cov nkoj loj los tiv thaiv submarine ntawm cov haujlwm 1134A thiab 1134B, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yoog rau kev ua haujlwm hauv dej hiav txwv thiab riam phom nrog cov nyoob hoom qav taub, cov chaw sonar niaj hnub, missile-torpedo thiab anti-aircraft missile systems, nkag mus rau kev pabcuam.
Tab sis lub peev xwm ntawm USSR shipbuilding kev lag luam muaj tsawg heev, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tsim kom muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm anti-submarine ships, uas ua rau nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom ua raws li cov kev npaj ntawm USSR Navy hais kom ua. lub peev xwm ntawm anti-submarine rog ntawm lub nkoj. Qhov kev daws teeb meem rau qhov teeb meem no yog kev xa tawm ntawm kev tsim cov nkoj soj ntsuam ntawm cov haujlwm 1135 thiab 1153M, tsis zoo li BOD, uas muaj qhov hloov me me, tab sis tsis muaj lub dav hlau dav hlau thiab cov foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv dav hlau.
Cov neeg tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ua ke nrog cov neeg nqa khoom nyoob hoom qav taub thiab cov dav hlau nqa nkoj, uas yog vim li cas ho tsis muaj lub dav hlau. Tib lub sijhawm nrog kev tsim cov dav hlau saib xyuas, kev hloov pauv ntawm 57bis missile ships mus rau hauv cov nkoj loj los tiv thaiv submarine thiab kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm tus kheej thawj tiam los tiv thaiv submarine qauv pib.
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab xyoo 1970, me me tiv thaiv submarine ships ntawm qhov project 1124M tau tso tseg. Ua raws lilwm tus qauv ua raws. Cov no yog me me los tiv thaiv submarine ships ntawm qhov project 1124. Lawv tau tus yam ntxwv los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm ob qhov chaw hydroacoustic, uas txawv nyob rau hauv tsim. Feem ntau ntawm cov nkoj no tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm KGB Cov Tub Rog Ciam Tebchaws raws li txoj cai "Albatross". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim kho cov nkoj me me tiv thaiv submarine ntawm qhov project 12412, tsim los ntawm qhov project 1241 Molniya missile nkoj, pib.
Nkoj ntawm tiam thib ob twb dhau los lawm los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1980s, thiab cov neeg tsim khoom tau ntsib cov lus nug ntawm kev hloov cov khoom siv tsis siv. Tab sis txoj kev npaj kho tshiab tsis tau ua tiav vim tsis muaj nyiaj txiag thiab tib lub peev xwm ntawm kev lag luam shipbuilding.
Ntau qhov project 1135 patrol nkoj tau hloov kho ib nrab. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv 90s feem ntau ntawm lawv tau muab pov tseg. Tam sim no, Lavxias Navy muaj 22 lub nkoj me me los tiv thaiv submarine. Ob tug ntawm lawv tsim nyog saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Ntawm lawv yog Urengoy me me tiv thaiv submarine nkoj.
Iron Albatross
thawj lub nkoj me me los tiv thaiv submarine "Albatross" tau tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm Zelenodolsk nkoj tsim xyoo 1967 thiab tau raug ceeb toom tam sim los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tub rog vim nws ceev thiab maneuverability. Leonid Brezhnev tau mus xyuas lub nkoj ua yeeb yam thaum nws so hauv Y alta. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus tshiab anti-submarineships sai sai ceased ua ib tug zais cia rau ib tug muaj peev xwm yeeb ncuab. Cov Albatrosses tau muab cais ua corvettes thiab muab lub npe code Grisha.
Cov khoom siv ntawm lub nkoj muaj 57 hli artillery mount, ib daim duab 30 hli. kev teeb tsa, Osa-M huab cua tiv thaiv system, ob lub dav hlau foob pob, 533-mm torpedo hlab, qhov tob nqi thiab mines. Qhov ceev ntawm 35 pob caus yog muab los ntawm cov roj turbine cog.
"Kazan" hauv kev pabcuam ntawm B altic Fleet
Nyob rau xyoo 1970, ib txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv submarine nkoj tau tsim nyob rau hauv GDR, uas tau txais tus lej lej 1331. Nws tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Soviet project 1124 nrog kev koom tes ntawm Soviet cov kws tshaj lij thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. thawj lub nkoj tub rog tsim hauv GDR. Yog li ntawd, Soviet cov thawj coj xav muab lub sijhawm rau cov neeg German kom tau txais kev paub txog kev ywj pheej tsim thiab kev tsim cov nkoj ua rog. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov nkoj no tau txais lub npe code Parchim-II chav.
Ib lub nkoj ntawm koob yog Kazanets me me tiv thaiv nkoj nkoj tam sim no hauv B altic Fleet. Nws tau muab tso rau ntawm txoj hlua khi ntawm lub chaw nres nkoj hauv Wolgstad los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm USSR thaum Lub Ib Hlis 4, 1985 thiab tau pib rau lub Peb Hlis 11 ntawm tib lub xyoo. Txij li thaum 1986, nws tau nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov nkoj ntawm USSR Navy, nyob rau hauv 1987 nws officially los ua ib feem ntawm lub B altic Fleet, nyob rau hauv 1992 - mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Navy.
Kazanets muaj zog tiv thaiv submarine, phom loj thiab riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, ob lub chaw sonar thiab chaw nres tsheb ntev ntev. Taug kev ceev hauv 25knots muab peb-ncej installation.
Nws tseem yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias lub nkoj yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov zoo ntawm kev tsim kho, qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev ntseeg tau, zoo li txhua yam thev naus laus zis German.
Tsis tas li ntawd, Lavxias Navy kuj suav nrog Kazanets 'tus kwv ntxaib, Urengo me me tiv thaiv nkoj nkoj.
Third tiam
Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, ib tug tshiab anti-submarine nkoj tsim kev pab cuam tau tsim, uas ua rau kev tsim kho ntawm ob series ntawm ships: loj anti-submarine project 1155 thiab patrol nkoj ntawm project 11540. nrawm nrawm.
Cov nkoj loj tiv thaiv submarine ntawm qhov project 1155 tau nruab nrog ob lub nyoob hoom qav taub, lub chaw sonar ntev "Polynom" thiab lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv submarine "Rastrub-B". Cov cuab yeej ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas yog qhov sib txawv ntau dua: ib lub nyoob hoom qav taub, chaw nres tsheb hydroacoustic thiab lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv submarine.
Lub nkoj ntawm ob txoj haujlwm tau nruab nrog ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab 100-millimeter artillery systems. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov project 11540 patrol nkoj muaj peev xwm los nruab nrog Uran anti-ship missile system, yog li ua thawj lub hom phiaj frigates.
xeev tam sim no
Nyob rau xyoo 2001, Amur Shipyard tau tso lub nkoj ua ntej ntawm cov tshiab ntawm cov nkoj loj tiv thaiv submarine ntawm qhov project 20380, uas yog tsim los ua thawj zaug hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab shipbuilding. Qhov no yog ib hom tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv submarine missile ships tsim los ntes thiab rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab submarines, nto lub hom phiaj ntawm txhua qib, suav nrog cov dav hlau thauj khoom,tiam tshiab fighters, cruise missiles thiab torpedoes. Cov nkoj kuj tseem muaj cov riam phom loj txaus los txhawb kev tsaws nrog hluav taws. Lub B altic Fleet tam sim no muaj 4 daim ntawv theej ntawm qhov project 20380. Cov no yog Tus Saib Xyuas, Cov Ntsej Muag, Lub Zog thiab Kev Ua Siab Loj.
Lub nkoj tshiab tau nruab nrog riam phom muaj zog uas tso cai rau lawv sib ntaus sib tua nrog txhua tus yeeb ncuab. Qhov ceev ntawm 24 pob caus yog muab los ntawm 4 diesel xyaw.
Kev cia siab rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov nkoj tiv thaiv submarine
Raws li daim ntawv qhia kev nom kev tswv hauv ntiaj teb tam sim no thiab cov xwm txheej tsis ntev los no, txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ciam teb ntawm peb lub teb chaws tawm los ntawm cov npe tseem ceeb. Qhov kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov rog nuclear tom qab Tsov Rog Txias tsis tsuas yog tsis ploj mus, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nce ntxiv, vim tias peb lub teb chaws xav tau cov nkoj tiv thaiv submarine muaj peev xwm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib npaug nrog cov submarines ntawm tus yeeb ncuab muaj peev xwm.
