Twb ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, txoj haujlwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua cov yeeb ncuab tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog-tactical teeb meem. Nrog rau cov dav hlau fighter, av txhais tau tias kuj tau siv rau lub hom phiaj no. Cov phom loj thiab cov phom tshuab tsis zoo rau kev tua ntawm lub dav hlau, lawv muaj lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov siab ntawm lub thoob. Nws yog qhov ua tau, ntawm chav kawm, kom tua hluav taws los ntawm cov phom ntev, tab sis qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntaus raug txo qis vim qhov hluav taws kub tsawg. Nyob rau hauv 1906, German engineers tau thov kom mount ib tug firing point ntawm ib tug armored tsheb, muab nws txav mus los, ua ke nrog firepower thiab muaj peev xwm tua hluav taws ntawm high-dej lub hom phiaj. BA "Erhard" - lub ntiaj teb thawj anti-aircraft self-propelled phom. Ntau xyoo dhau los, hom riam phom no tau tsim kho sai heev.
Rau ZSU
Lub tswv yim classical ntawm kev txhim kho huab cua tiv thaiv kev nkag siab ntawm cov tub rog theorists ntawm lub sijhawm interwar yog ib lub nplhaib ib puag ncig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tsoomfwv,industrial-economic lossis kev tswj hwm thaj chaw. Txhua lub hauv paus ntawm xws li kev tiv thaiv huab cua (ib qho kev tiv thaiv dav hlau sib cais) yog subordinate rau cov lus txib ntawm lub fortified cheeb tsam thiab yog lub luag hauj lwm rau nws tus kheej sector ntawm airspace. Kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm Moscow, Leningrad thiab lwm lub nroog loj hauv Soviet tau ua li no nyob rau hauv thawj lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, thaum Nazi huab cua tawm tsam yuav luag txhua hnub. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo, qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo li no tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv thiab kev tawm tsam. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj, txawm hais tias muaj peev xwm ua tau, los npog txhua chav tub rog nrog lub roj teeb tiv thaiv dav hlau, tab sis txav cov phom ntau tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov chaw ruaj khov tiv thaiv lub dav hlau artillery installation nrog lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv yog lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj rau cov yeeb ncuab tua dav hlau, uas, tau txiav txim siab lawv qhov chaw nyob, tab tom sim ua kom tawg lawv thiab ruaj ntseg chaw ua haujlwm rau lawv tus kheej. Txhawm rau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov tub rog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej kab, lub tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua yuav tsum muaj kev txav mus los, lub zog hluav taws xob siab thiab qee qhov kev tiv thaiv. Ib rab phom tiv thaiv tus kheej yog lub tshuab uas muaj peb yam zoo.
Thaum tsov rog
Lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Loj Loj, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau xyaum tsis muaj phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tus kheej. Tsuas yog xyoo 1945 tau ua thawj cov riam phom ntawm chav kawm no (ZSU-37) tshwm sim, tab sis cov phom no tsis tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua zaum kawg, lub zog ntawm Luftwaffe yog tiag tiag.swb, thiab dhau li ntawd, fascist lub teb chaws Yelemees ntsib qhov tsis muaj roj loj. Ua ntej no, cov tub rog Soviet tau siv 2K, 25-mm thiab 37-mm 72-K (Loginov phom). Cov phom 85-mm 52-K tau siv los rhuav tshem cov hom phiaj siab. Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau no (zoo li lwm tus), yog tias tsim nyog, kuj tseem tsoo cov tsheb armored: qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm qhov projectile ua rau nws tuaj yeem tawg los ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Tab sis qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev suav yuav tsum muaj txoj hauv kev tshiab.
Cov Germans muaj cov qauv ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv tus kheej, tsim los ntawm lub tank chassis ("East cua" - Ostwind, thiab "Whirlwind" - Wirbelwind). Lub Wehrmacht tseem muaj riam phom nrog Swedish Nimrod anti-aircraft phom, mounted ntawm lub teeb tank chassis. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau xeeb los ua riam phom tho riam phom, tab sis nws tau ua tsis tau zoo tawm tsam Soviet "peb caug plaub", tab sis nws tau ua tiav los ntawm German huab cua tiv thaiv.
ZPU-4
Zaj yeeb yaj kiab zoo tshaj plaws hauv Soviet "Lub Kaj ntug Ntawm No Quiet …", uas qhia txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg tua phom tiv thaiv dav hlau uas tau poob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis tau pom dua (uas muaj ntau lub sijhawm ua tsov rog), rau tag nrho nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam tsis ntseeg., muaj ib qho tsis raug, txawm li cas los xij, zam txim tau thiab tsis tseem ceeb heev. ZPU-4 anti-aircraft tshuab rab phom mount, uas lub siab tawv heroines tua ib tug German dav hlau thaum pib ntawm daim duab, nyob rau hauv 1945 tsuas yog pib tsim nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag No. 2 nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm designer I. S. Leshchinsky. Lub kaw lus hnyav tshaj li ob tons, yog li nws yooj yim rau cab. Nws muaj plaub-log chassis, nws tsis tuaj yeem hu ua nws tus kheej-propelled vim tsis muaj lub cav, tab sis muaj kev txav siab.tau pab ua tiav hauv Kaus Lim Kauslim (1950-1953) thiab hauv Nyab Laj. Ob qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tub rog tau pom tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tus qauv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua helicopters, uas tau siv ntau heev los ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog rau kev tsaws thiab kev ua phem. Nws muaj peev xwm txav tau ZPU-4 nrog kev pab los ntawm ib pab tub rog jeep, "gas", harnessing nees thiab mules, thiab txawm cia li thawb. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau lees paub, hom khoom siv no yog siv los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb niaj hnub no (Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan).
Post-war ZSU-57-2
Thawj xyoo caum tom qab kev yeej dhau los hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tebchaws sab hnub poob, koom ua ke hauv NATO cov tub rog sib koom ua ke, thiab Soviet Union. Lub hwj chim tank ntawm USSR tsis muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov ntau thiab qhov ntsuas qhov zoo. Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, txhua kab ntawm cov tsheb armored tuaj yeem (txoj kev xav) ncav cuag tsawg kawg yog Portugal, tab sis lawv tau raug hem los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab aircraft. Lub anti-aircraft installation, uas tau muab tso rau hauv kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv 1955, yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv tawm tsam huab cua nyob rau hauv lub tsiv Soviet troops. Lub caliber ntawm ob rab phom muab tso rau hauv ZSU-57-2 ncig turret yog qhov tseem ceeb - 57 hli. Kev sib hloov tsav yog electro-hydraulic, tab sis rau kev ntseeg tau nws tau duplicated los ntawm phau ntawv qhia txhua yam. Qhov pom yog tsis siv neeg, raws li lub hom phiaj cov ntaub ntawv nkag. Nrog rau qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 240 rounds ib feeb, lub installation muaj qhov zoo ntawm 12 km (8.8 km vertically). Chassis tag nrho raws li lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub tshuab, nws tau qiv los ntawm T-54 tank, yog liyog li ntawd, nws yuav tsis poob qab kem.
Shilka
Tom qab kev tshawb nrhiav ntev rau cov kev daws teeb meem uas tsim nyog thiab zoo, uas tau siv ob xyoo lawm, cov neeg tsim qauv Soviet tau tsim ib qho txuj ci tiag tiag. Nyob rau hauv 1964, loj zus tau tej cov qhov tseeb ZSU-23-4 pib, uas ua tau raws li tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm niaj hnub kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam aircraft. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, nws twb tau paub meej tias qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau cov tub rog hauv av yog tsim los ntawm cov dav hlau ya qis thiab cov nyoob hoom qav taub uas tsis poob rau hauv qhov siab ntawm qhov siab uas cov tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua zoo tshaj plaws. Lub Shilka anti-aircraft phom muaj qhov zoo kawg nkaus ntawm hluav taws (56 rounds ib ob), muaj nws tus kheej radar thiab peb hom kev taw qhia (manual, semi-automatic thiab tsis siv neeg). Nrog lub caliber ntawm 23 hli, nws yooj yim ntaus lub dav hlau ceev (txog 450 m / s) ntawm qhov deb ntawm 2-2.5 km. Thaum lub sij hawm ua tub rog tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub sixties thiab seventies (Middle Eastern, South Asian, African), ZSU no tau qhia nws tus kheej los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws sab, feem ntau yog vim hluav taws zoo, tab sis kuj yog vim muaj kev txav siab, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv cov neeg coob los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab cov mos txwv me-caliber. Tus kheej-propelled anti-aircraft phom "Shilka" tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho ntawm domestic mobile complexes ntawm kev ua hauj lwm regimental theem.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws
Nrog tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Shilka regimental complex, qhov ua yeeb yam ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua tub rog puv ntoob tsis tuaj yeem muab cov qib txaus npogthaum siv tsuas yog artillery systems ntawm kuj me me caliber thiab luv luv. Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj lub zog "dome" dhau ntawm kev faib tawm, yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv kiag li - lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv dav hlau. "Grad", "Smerch", "Hurricane" thiab lwm yam MLRS nrog kev siv hluav taws kub zoo, ua ke rau hauv cov roj teeb, yog lub hom phiaj txaus siab rau cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau. Lub xov tooj ntawm tes uas txav mus los ntawm cov av ntxhib, muaj peev xwm ua kom sai sai rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, muaj kev tiv thaiv txaus, tag nrho cov huab cua - qhov no yog cov tub rog xav tau. Osa anti-aircraft phom, uas tau pib nkag mus rau tub rog nyob rau hauv 1971, teb cov lus thov no. Lub vojvoog ntawm hemisphere nyob rau hauv uas cov cuab yeej siv thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem xav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab cua tua yog 10 km.
Kev txhim kho ntawm tus qauv no tau ua tiav ntev, ntau tshaj li kaum xyoo (Ellipsoid project). Lub foob pob hluav taws tau xub tso siab rau Tushino Tshuab-Lub Tsev Cog, tab sis rau ntau yam kev ua haujlwm tau tso siab rau OKB-2 zais cia (tus thawj coj tsim qauv P. D. Grushin). Plaub ZUR 9M33 tau dhau los ua riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm lub cim xeeb. Kev teeb tsa tuaj yeem ntes lub hom phiaj ntawm lub Peb Hlis, nws tau nruab nrog lub chaw nres tsheb qhia kev tiv thaiv zoo heev. Nws tab tom ua haujlwm nrog cov tub rog Lavxias niaj hnub no.
Buk
Nyob rau hauv lub seventies thaum ntxov, kev tsim ntawm txhim khu kev qha huab cua tiv thaiv systems ntawm kev ua hauj lwm theem nyob rau hauv lub USSR yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev. Xyoo 1972, ob lub lag luam ntawm kev tiv thaiv complex (NIIP thiab NPO Fazotron) tau ua haujlwm los tsim kom muaj peev xwm tua tau.ballistic missile "Lance", nrog kev ceev ntawm 830 m / s thiab lwm yam khoom muaj peev xwm ntawm maneuvering nrog overloads. Buk anti-aircraft phom, tsim raws li txoj haujlwm no, yog ib feem ntawm txoj haujlwm uas suav nrog, ntxiv rau nws, nrhiav pom thiab lub hom phiaj chaw nres tsheb (SOC) thiab lub tsheb thauj khoom. Kev faib tawm, uas muaj ib qho kev tswj hwm ib leeg, suav nrog txog tsib lub launchers. Qhov kev tiv thaiv dav hlau no ua haujlwm ntawm thaj tsam li 30 km. Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm 9M38 cov khoom siv foob pob hluav taws, uas tau dhau los ua kev sib koom ua ke, kev tiv thaiv huab cua hauv hiav txwv tau tsim. Tam sim no, lub complex yog nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam nrog qee lub teb chaws ntawm yav dhau los USSR (xws li Russia) thiab hais tias yav tas los yuav lawv.
Tunguska
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm missile technologies tsis txo qis lub luag hauj lwm ntawm artillery, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug tseem ceeb cheeb tsam ntawm kev tiv thaiv technology raws li huab cua tiv thaiv systems. Ib qho projectile zoo tib yam, nrog rau kev taw qhia zoo, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj tsis muaj tsawg dua li ib qho reactive. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov tseeb keeb kwm: thaum Tsov Rog Nyab Laj, cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Asmeskas lub tuam txhab McDonell raug yuam kom maj nrawm tsim lub thawv phom loj rau F-4 Phantom dav hlau, uas lawv pib nruab nrog URs, yam tsis tau saib xyuas cov phom loj loj. Soviet cov neeg tsim qauv ntawm av-raws li huab cua tiv thaiv systems mus txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke riam phom ntau ceev faj. Tunguska anti-aircraft phom, tsim los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv 1982, muaj hybrid firepower. Cov riam phom tseem ceeb yog 9M311 missiles nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm yim units. Qhov no yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plawsTam sim no ZSU, nws cov cuab yeej kho vajtse muab kev txhim khu kev qha thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hom phiaj hauv ntau qhov ntau zaus thiab nrawm. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai uas tsis tshua muaj ya dav hlau ceev tau cuam tshuam los ntawm ib qho kev sib tua phom, uas suav nrog ob rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau (30 hli) nrog nws tus kheej txoj kev taw qhia. Qhov ntau ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm phom yog txog 8 km. Cov tsos ntawm lub tsheb sib ntaus sib tua yog tsis muaj tsawg impressive tshaj nws cov tactical thiab technical ntaub ntawv: lub undercarriage, koom ua ke nrog lub Wasp GM-352, yog topped nrog ib tug turret nrog menacingly bristling missiles thiab chim.
Abroad
Tom qab Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, kev txhim kho cov tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua tau zoo tau pib hauv Tebchaws Meskas. SZU "Duster", tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub chassis ntawm "Bulldog" - ib tug tank nrog ib tug carburetor cav, tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau (nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau tshaj 3,700 daim yog tsim los ntawm Cadillac). Lub tshuab tsis tau nruab nrog lub radar, nws cov pej thuam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv saum toj kawg nkaus, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau siv dav thaum Tsov Rog Nyab Laj los tiv thaiv huab cua los ntawm DRV.
Fabkis lub xov tooj cua tiv thaiv kab mob AMX-13 DCA tau txais cov txheej txheem kev taw qhia siab dua. Nws tau nruab nrog lub dav hlau radar, uas ua haujlwm tsuas yog tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua. Hnub ua tiav ntawm kev tsim ua haujlwm yog xyoo 1969, tab sis AMX tau tsim kom txog rau thaum 80s, ob qho tib si rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov tub rog Fab Kis thiab rau kev xa tawm (feem ntau yog rau cov tebchaws Arab uas ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab hnub poob). Qhov kev tiv thaiv dav hlau no tau ua pov thawj tias feem ntau zoo, tab sis yuav luag txhua qhov kev hwm nws yog qis dua rau Soviet Shilka.
Lwm tus qauv Asmeskas ntawm chav kawm ntawm riam phom no yog Volcano M-163 SZU, tsim los ntawm kev siv dav siv M-113 cov neeg ua haujlwm armored. Lub tshuab pib nkag mus rau hauv cov tub rog nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1960s, yog li Nyab Laj yog thawj (tab sis tsis yog qhov kawg) xeem rau nws. Lub foob pob hluav taws ntawm M-163 yog siab heev: rau lub tshuab rab phom "Gatling" nrog cov rotating chim muab tawm tus nqi hluav taws ntawm yuav luag 1200 rounds ib feeb. Kev tiv thaiv kuj tseem ceeb - nws nce mus txog 38 hli ntawm cov cuab yeej. Tag nrho cov no tau muab cov qauv nrog lub peev xwm xa tawm, nws tau muab rau Tunisia, Kaus Lim Qab Teb, Ecuador, North Yemen, Israel thiab lwm lub tebchaws.
SZU txawv li cas ntawm kev tiv thaiv huab cua
Ntxiv rau cov phom loj thiab cov tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua hybrid, huab cua tiv thaiv missile systems yog tam sim no feem ntau, piv txwv ntawm uas yog hais txog Buk. Raws li lub npe ntawm chav kawm ntawm riam phom nws tus kheej txhais tau hais tias, cov tshuab no, raws li txoj cai, tsis ua haujlwm raws li kev tswj hwm lub tsheb thauj mus los rau hauv av rog, tab sis ua ib feem ntawm cov kev faib uas suav nrog cov chav sib ntaus sib tua rau ntau lub hom phiaj (them nqi, hais kom ua thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm, mobile radars. thiab cov chaw taw qhia). Nyob rau hauv lub classical kev txiav txim zoo, ib tug ZU (anti-aircraft phom) yuav tsum tau muab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab aircraft ntawm ib tug tej yam kev khiav hauj lwm cheeb tsam ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis tas yuav tsum tau mloog ntxiv pab txhais tau tias, yog li ntawd, Patriot, Strela complexes, lub S-200 - S-500 series hauv kab lus no tsis tau txiav txim siab. Cov tshuab tiv thaiv huab cua no, uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev ruaj ntseg huab cua ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, suav nrog Russia, tsim nyog rau kev tshuaj xyuas cais. Lawv feem ntau ua kelub peev xwm los cuam tshuam cov hom phiaj nyob rau hauv dav ceev thiab qhov siab ntawm qhov siab, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tab sis - vim tus nqi siab - tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau ntau lub teb chaws uas raug yuam kom tso siab rau cov khoom siv mobile, pheej yig thiab txhim khu kev qha, rau lawv cov kev tiv thaiv.
