Lub sijhawm ntau pua xyoo, Russia tus ciam teb tau hloov pauv ntau zaus vim yog txhua yam kev ua tsov ua rog, kev tawm tsam thiab lwm yam xwm txheej keeb kwm. Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Russia txhua lub sijhawm yog kev tiv thaiv nws ciam teb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob, qhov chaw uas muaj kev hem thawj tas li los ntawm Lithuania thiab Sweden, uas ntau zaus tau sim cov ciam teb ntawm Lavxias lub xeev kom muaj zog. Hauv qhov no, cov qauv kev tiv thaiv muaj zog tau tsim nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, uas tau tsim muaj daim thaiv tiv thaiv zoo los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntawm ciam teb ntawm peb lub xeev. Ntau lub fortresses loj ntawm Russia tau khaws cia zoo rau niaj hnub, ntau tus tau khaws cia ib nrab, qee qhov raug rhuav tshem tag nrho lossis, rau lwm yam, tau tshem tawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb dhau sijhawm. Kab lus no yuav tsom mus rau cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov vaj tsev qub qub uas tuaj yeem pom niaj hnub no.
Leej xeeb ntawm yav dhau los
Feem ntau ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm thaj chaw ntawm peb lub teb chaws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ob qho tib si ua ntej thiabtom qab fortresses ntawm Russia, uas ua tau zoo heev functions nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws. Ntawm chav kawm, lawv tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm, tab sis yog architectural monuments thiab kab lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam, vim hais tias lawv yog ib tug xav txog ntawm lub heroic yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias teb sab. Feem ntau ntawm cov qauv nthuav tawm hauv qab no yog cov tub rog fortresses ntawm Russia, tab sis ntawm lawv kuj muaj cov monasteries-fortresses thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws masterpieces ntawm ancient architecture ntawm centuries dhau los. Thaj chaw ntawm peb lub teb chaws yog loj heev, thiab muaj tseeb ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ntau yam defensive fortifications rau nws. Nws yog tsim nyog hais txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab nto moo fortresses ntawm Russia. Cov npe yog:
1. Qub Ladoga Fortress.
2. Oreshek Fortress.
3. Ivangorod fortress.
4. Koporskaya fortress.
5. Pskov fortress.
6. Izborsk fortress.
7. Porkhov fortress.
8. Novgorod fortress.
9. Kronstadt fortress.
10. Moscow Kremlin.
Ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua tus yog sau hauv qab no.
Staraya Ladoga Fortress
Nws tsim nyog pib daim ntawv teev npe nrog nws, txij li nyob rau hauv Staraya Ladoga, nws tseem hu ua "Ancient peev ntawm Northern Russia", nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th thawj fortress nyob rau hauv Russia tau ua los ntawm cov Varangians. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: nws yog thawj pob zeb fortress nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ancient Russia. Txawm li cas los xij, nws raug rhuav tshem los ntawm Swedes, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII. nws tau rebuilt, thiab nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua. rov tsim kho. Ntau pua xyoo tom qab, nws tau poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj thiab tawg, thiab tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov phab ntsa, ob lub yees thiab lub tsev teev ntuj tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no.
Nutlet, lossis Shlisselburg, lossis Noteburg
Qhov ntawd yog pes tsawg lub npe lub fortress ntawm Russia muaj, uas tseem nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj av Leningrad tam sim no. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1352, qhov seem ntawm thawj phab ntsa ntawm pob zeb tseem nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub fortress niaj hnub. Nyob rau hauv lub XV - XVI centuries nws twb rebuilt thiab ua ib tug qauv ntawm ib tug classical fortress, tsim rau tag nrho cov-round tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, nws tau koom nrog Sweden, kom txog rau thaum nws tau rov qab los ntawm Peter I. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub fortress tau los ua ib lub tsev loj cuj uas cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, nyiam, schismics, Decembrists thiab ntau lwm tus raug xa mus. Thaum lub sij hawm blockade ntawm Leningrad, cov Germans tsis tuaj yeem nqa nws. Tam sim no, muaj ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej uas ib zaug tau koom nrog cov neeg raug kaw ntawm cov phab ntsa no.
Lub zog ntawm Ivangorod
Nyob rau xyoo 1492, hla tus Dej Narva ntawm Devichya Gora, lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog Lavxias teb sab fortified no tau muab tso rau thiab muab lub npe rau tus huab tais loj Lavxias. Lub fortress Ivangorod tau tsim nyob rau hauv tsuas yog xya lub lis piam - ib qho kev xav tsis thoob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Thaum pib square nrog plaub yees, nws tau ua tiav thiab nthuav dav hauv 15th-16th centuries. Nws yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Russia, uas tswj cov nkoj ntawm tus dej thiab nkag mus rau lub hiav txwv B altic. Lub monument ntawm tub rog engineering kos duab tau khaws cia zoo heev rau hnub no, txawm tias muaj kev puas tsuaj thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj.
Ancient Koporye
Thawj zaug hais nyob rau hauv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv 1240 raws li ib tug fortress tsim los ntawm cov crusaders. Lawv thim rov qabUa tsaug rau cov tub rog ntawm Alexander Nevsky, nyob rau hauv nws tus tub Koporsky fortress tiav nyob rau hauv 1297. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th nws tau ua tib zoo rebuilt. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, nws, zoo li lwm yam fortresses nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Russia, mus rau lub Swedes, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1703 nws twb recaptured. Rau qee lub sij hawm nws yog tub rog-tswj chaw ntawm lub xeev Ingermanland (thawj lub xeev ntawm Russia). Tsuas yog tawg ntawm phab ntsa thiab 4 tus yees tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, tab sis cov kab hauv av tau khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus. Hauv Koporye nws tus kheej muaj "Rusich" - lub pob zeb glacial, ib qho loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm.
Zoo Pskov
Nws yog thawj lub nroog fortress nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob ciam teb ntawm Russia. Nws tau hais nyob rau hauv keeb kwm txij li thaum 903. Thiab los ntawm 1348 txog 1510 nws yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Pskov veche koom pheej - lub xeev me me boyar. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub Pskov fortress yog lub Krom (Kremlin), ua nyob rau hauv 1337 nyob rau hauv ib tug cape ntawm lub confluence ntawm ob tug dej, nyob rau hauv uas yog: lub Trinity Cathedral, tsoom fwv lub cev, lub treasury, lub archive; Qhov thib ob kab ntawm fortifications - Dovmontov nroog - tau ua nyob rau hauv lub XIV - XV centuries. Lwm phab ntsa tau tsa rau sab qab teb ntawm Dovmotnov lub nroog, thiab nyob rau hauv lub resulting thiaj li hu ua phab ntsa muaj ib tug Torgovishche. Nyob rau hauv 1374-75 xyoo. Lub nroog twb ncig los ntawm lwm phab ntsa - Lub Nroog Nruab Nrab.
Kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog muaj plaub txoj hlua ntawm pob zeb fortifications. Tag nrho ntev ntawm phab ntsa yog 9.5 km, raws li tag nrho cov ntev uas muaj 40 yees. Thaum lub sij hawm sieges thiab sib ntaus sib tua ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress ntawm Russiatxawm cov poj niam sib ntaus sib tua. Feem ntau ntawm cov nroog ntawm Ancient Russia yog ntoo, thaum Pskov tau tsim nrog cov tuam tsev pob zeb txij thaum xyoo pua 12th, ntau qhov tseem muaj nyob niaj hnub no.
Lub Pskov-Caves Monastery yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau nws lub fortress pawg, nws qhov chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov toj, thiab cov npoo yog zais los ntawm ravines. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub monastery tsis ua ib tug ua tub rog ua hauj lwm, nws muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm Swedes. Ntxiv nrog rau hauv av ib feem nrog cov tsev teev ntuj ib txwm muaj thiab kev tsim tawm, lub tsev teev ntuj no kuj muaj lub tsev teev ntuj qhov tsua - Assumption. Nws tshwm sim rov qab rau hauv 1473, tib lub sij hawm lub monastery nws tus kheej raug fij tseg. Lub tuam tsev tam sim no qhib rau pej xeem.
Ib tug thawj
Nyob hauv thaj av Pskov yog Izborsk, uas yog ib lub nroog thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Russia thiab tau teev nyob rau hauv annals los ntawm 862. Nyob rau hauv 1330, ib lub fortress pob zeb tau tsim, uas thaum lub sij hawm nws keeb kwm tau ua tiav thiab hloov ntau zaus, thiab cov seem uas muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, txawm hais tias lawv tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm lub sij hawm. Qhov ntev ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa yog hais txog 850 meters. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th, ib tug ntawm cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv lub siege dubbed Izborsk ib "lub nroog hlau", thiab mus txog rau thaum lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, tsis muaj leej twg yuav coj lub fortress. Niaj hnub no hauv cov chaw no muaj kev ua koob tsheej ntawm kev ua tub rog-keeb kwm kev tsim kho hu ua "Iron City". Xyaum los ntawm hauv qab cov phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress ntawm Russia, springs yeej, cov dej los ntawm uas yog xam tau tias yog kho, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav lawv ua tag nrho waterfalls ntws mus rau hauv lub pas dej.
Small Porkhov
Lwm ib lub fortresses ntawm thaj av Pskov- Porkhovskaya. Qhov me me, nws tsuas muaj peb lub tsev, lub tsev teev ntuj thiab ib lub tswb nrov. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1387, tom qab ua tiav, zoo li ntau lwm cov fortresses ancient nyob rau hauv Russia. Lub nroog ntawm Porkhov nws tus kheej, raws li cov keeb kwm, tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Alexander Nevsky los npog txoj kev dej ntawm Pskov mus rau Novgorod. Nyob rau hauv Catherine II, lub vaj botanical tau muab tso rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw tam sim no yog ib tug me me cozy ces kaum uas cov nroj tsuag tshuaj loj hlob, thiab nyob rau hauv lub fortress nws tus kheej muaj ib tug tsev cia puav pheej chaw xa ntawv. Lub nroog ntawm Porkhov yog qhov nthuav ntau dua nrog ntau lwm cov vaj tsev monuments, xws li cov tsev lag luam, thaj chaw keeb kwm thiab cov tuam tsev txawv txawv.
Detinets ntawm Veliky Novgorod
Ib lub nroog loj tshaj plaws thiab nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm XI-XV centuries yog Novgorod. Los ntawm 1136 txog 1478 nws yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Novgorod koom pheej, tom qab ntawd nws koom nrog Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm. Nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Volkhov River, nyob ib sab ntawm Lake Ilmen. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog txij li thaum 1333 muaj ib tug ntoo Detinets (Kremlin), uas tom qab ntawd raug hlawv. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, nws tau rebuilt nyob rau hauv daim ntawv pob zeb. Lub sijhawm tam sim no, tag nrho cov khoom tsim vaj tsev zoo nkauj ntawm Kremlin yog UNESCO monument. Lub complex muaj kaum ob yees (puag ncig thiab square), thiab qhov ntev ntawm phab ntsa yog ntau tshaj li ib thiab ib nrab kilometers. Ntau lub fortifications, hmoov tsis, tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no.
keeb kwm tsis ntev los no ntawm Russia
Kronstadt fortress hais txog lub sijhawm tom qab hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws tshaj li cov fortresses saum toj no hauv Russia. phab ntsa lub nroogKronstadt, nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm Kotlin, nyob rau hauv periphery uas muaj ntau ntau forts ntawm lub complex, yog lub fortress loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe thiab kuj yog ib tug UNESCO monument. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub fortifications niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv lub xeev tsis saib xyuas heev. Forts "Grand Duke Konstantin", "Kronshlot", "Konstantin" thiab "Emperor Alexander I" yog tam sim no nkag mus thiab mus xyuas. Kuj tseem muaj ntau lub tsev qub thiab nthuav hauv Kronstadt: lub palace, Gostiny Dvor, Admir alty complex, Tolbukhin Mayak, Naval Cathedral ntawm St. Nicholas thiab ntau lwm tus.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj
Nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm peb lub tebchaws, ntau lub fortresses ua qhov tseem ceeb, yog tias tsis txiav txim siab. Niaj hnub no peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov haujlwm no yog ua los ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Lub fortress tseem ceeb ntawm Russia yog nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Moskva River ntawm Borovitsky Hill. Rov qab rau xyoo 1156, thawj lub fortifications ntoo tau ua rau ntawm qhov chaw no, uas tau hloov nrog pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th (lawv siv pob zeb dawb hauv zos). Nws yog ntseeg hais tias qhov no yog vim li cas Moscow hu ua dawb-pob zeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom no, txawm hais tias nws tiv thaiv ntau tus yeeb ncuab tawm tsam, tau dhau los ua lub neej luv.
Thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Ivan III Vasilyevich, kev hloov kho ntawm Kremlin pib. Palaces, lub tsev teev ntuj thiab lwm lub tsev tau tsim los ntawm cov kws caw Italian. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, kev tsim kho cov tsev teev ntuj tshiab txuas ntxiv: Cathedral ntawm Ascension Monastery, Cathedral ntawm Chudov Monastery thiab lwm yam. Ua ke nrog qhov no, cov phab ntsa tshiab thiab cov yees tau raug tsim. Moscow Kremlin, thiab cheeb tsam ntawm lub fortress tau nce. Thaum lub sijhawm Peter I, thaum Moscow tso tseg tsis ua vajntxwv chaw nyob, thiab hluav taws kub heev xyoo 1701 tau thov ntau lub tsev ntoo, nws raug txwv tsis pub tsim cov tsev ntoo hauv Kremlin. Tib lub sijhawm, kev tsim kho ntawm Arsenal pib.
Tom qab ntawd, Kremlin tau ua tiav thiab rov tsim kho dua ib zaug, thiab ib qho kev tsim vaj tsev tsim nyob rau xyoo 1797. Nyob rau hauv 1812, Napoleon nkag mus rau Moscow thiab lub Kremlin, raws li tau zoo raws li, thiab thaum nws tso nws cov phab ntsa los ntawm ib tug zais cia, nws hais kom tawg tag nrho cov tsev. Hmoov zoo, feem ntau ntawm cov tsev muaj sia nyob, tab sis qhov kev puas tsuaj tseem ceeb heev. Tshaj li ntawm 20 xyoo, ntau tau rov qab los, rov tsim dua thiab cov kab tawg tau raug tshem tawm.
Tom qab ntawd, Moscow Kremlin tau raug hloov pauv ntau zaus, feem ntau ntawm tag nrho nws cov vaj tsev tsim tau raug kev txom nyem thaum lub sij hawm tuaj ntawm Bolsheviks los rau lub hwj chim. Nws tau raug suav nrog UNESCO World Heritage List txij li xyoo 1990, thiab txij li xyoo 1991 nws tau dhau los ua qhov chaw nyob ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias Federation. Txij thaum ntawd los, nws tau rov qab ua ntu zus. Ntau tshaj 2 km - qhov ntev ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub Kremlin, nrog lawv muaj 20 yees. Cathedrals thiab churches: Arkhangelsk, Annunciation, Assumption, Verkhospassky thiab lwm yam. Ntawm thaj chaw muaj Grand Kremlin Palace, Golden Tsaritsyna Chamber, Arsenal, Armory thiab lwm lub tsev. Plaub squares, ib lub vaj thiab ib lub xwmfab, nrog rau ob lub monuments - Tsar Cannon thiab Tsar Tswb, thiab ntau lwm lub tsev nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm, kos duab, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm peb lub tebchaws.
