Kazakhs hauv Suav teb yog ib qho ntawm ntau haiv neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws no. Lawv ua raws li txoj kev ua neej nyob tsawg dua li lwm haiv neeg tsawg. Kev lig kev cai, lawv ua neej nyob los ntawm kev yug tsiaj. Tsuas yog qee tus ntawm lawv tau txiav txim siab thiab koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb.
Feem ntau Kazakhs yog Muslims. Txij li thaum lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub xeev multinational, cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog ntau yam teeb meem ntsig txog kev txhim kho ntawm pawg neeg no. Qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb, yog cov lus nug ntawm pes tsawg Kazakhs nyob hauv Suav teb. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev khaws cia lub tebchaws thiab kev paub txog tus kheej kuj tseem ceeb.
Geography of Settlement
Tus naj npawb ntawm Kazakhs hauv Suav teb yog kwv yees li 1.5 lab tus tib neeg. Qhov no sib npaug 13% ntawm tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg no hauv ntiaj teb (ntau tshaj 12 lab nyob hauv Kazakhstan).
Kazakhs tsim txog li 9% ntawm Xinjiang cov pejxeem nyob rau xyoo 1940 thiab tsuas yog 7% tam sim no. Lawv nyob hauvfeem ntau mus rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm nws. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau nyob hauv peb thaj chaw muaj kev ywj pheej - Ili, Mori thiab Burkin thiab hauv cov zos nyob ib ncig ntawm Urumqi. Thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub roob Tien Shan suav tias yog lawv lub tebchaws. Qee tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub xeev ntawm Gansu thiab Qinghai. Cov pab pawg Kazakh loj tshaj plaws hauv Suav teb yog Kerei, Naiman, Kezai, Alban thiab Suvan.
Lawv tau nyob hauv Altai Prefecture, Ili-Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, nrog rau hauv Mulei thiab Balikun Autonomous Prefectures hauv Ili, sab qaum teb Xinjiang. Cov neeg tsawg tsawg ntawm pawg neeg no muaj nyob hauv Haixi-Mongol-Tibet Autonomous Prefecture hauv Qinghai, nrog rau hauv Aksai Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province.
Keeb Kwm
Keeb kwm ntawm Kazakhs hauv Suav teb rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub heev. Cov neeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj lawv tus kheej suav hais tias lawv yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Usun cov neeg thiab cov Turks, uas lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv, dhau los, yog Khitan (nomadic Mongol pab pawg), uas tau tsiv mus rau Tuam Tshoj sab hnub poob hauv xyoo pua 12th.
Ib txhia paub tseeb tias cov no yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm pawg neeg Mongol, uas loj hlob hauv XIII caug xyoo. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov nomads uas hais lus Turkic, tawg tawm ntawm Uzbek lub nceeg vaj thiab tsiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj nyob rau xyoo pua 15th. Lawv tuaj ntawm Altai Toj siab, Tien Shan, Ili Valley thiab Lake Issyk-Kul nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Central Asia. Cov Kazakhs yog thawj zaug taug kev raws Txoj Kev Silk Road.
Start
Nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm haiv neeg Kazakhs hauv Suav teb. Ntau tshaj 500xyoo txij li Zhang Qian ntawm Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - 25 AD) tau mus ua tus sawv cev tshwj xeeb rau Wusun hauv 119 BC. e., nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm tus dej Ili thiab ib ncig ntawm Issyk-Kul, Usuns nyob tsuas yog - cov pab pawg neeg Saichzhong thiab Yuesi, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Kazakhs. Hauv 60 BC. e. tsoom fwv ntawm Han Dynasty tsim ib tug duhufu (tsoom fwv hauv zos) nyob rau sab hnub poob Tuam Tshoj, nrhiav kev koom tes nrog Wusun thiab ua ke tawm tsam Huns. Yog li ntawd, ib thaj chaw loj ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb ntawm Lake Balkhash mus rau Pamirs tau suav nrog hauv thaj chaw ntawm Tuam Tshoj.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua VI, cov Turkmens nrhiav tau lub Turkic Khanate nyob rau hauv lub Altai roob. Yog li ntawd, lawv tau sib xyaw nrog cov neeg Usun, thiab tom qab ntawd cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Kazakhs sib xyaw nrog cov neeg tsis muaj npe lossis ib nrab neeg Uighurs, Khitan, Naimans thiab Mongols ntawm Kipchak thiab Jagatai khanates. Qhov tseeb tias qee pawg neeg tau khaws cov npe Usun thiab Naiman nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tom ntej ua pov thawj tias Kazakhs hauv Suav teb yog ib pab pawg neeg qub.
Hnub Nyoog Kawg
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, thaum Genghis Khan mus rau sab hnub poob, cov pab pawg Usun thiab Naiman kuj raug yuam kom tsiv mus. Kazakh pastures yog ib feem ntawm Kipchak thiab Yagatai khanates ntawm Mongol Empire. Nyob rau xyoo 1460, qee tus tswv yug yaj nyob rau sab qis ntawm Syr Darya, coj los ntawm Dzhilay thiab Zanibek, rov qab mus rau lub hav ntawm Chukha River sab qab teb ntawm Lake Balkhash. Tom qab ntawd lawv sib xyaw nrog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw sab qab teb Uzbeks thiab thaj chaw Mongols ntawm Jaghatai Khanate. Raws li lawv cov pej xeem loj hlob, lawv nthuav lawv cov teb chaws qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Balkhash hauv Chu River hav thiab mus txog Tashkent, Andijan, thiab Samarkand hauv Central Asia. Asia, maj mam tig mus rau hauv ib pab pawg neeg ntawm Kazakhs.
Kev hloov pauv tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau niaj hnub no
Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tsarist Russia pib mus txeeb Central Asia thiab nqus Kazakh meadows thiab thaj chaw sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb ntawm Lake Balkhash - ib feem ntawm Tuam Tshoj thaj chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lub Middle thiab Me hordes thiab sab hnub poob ceg ntawm lub Great Horde raug txiav tawm ntawm lub teb chaws. Los ntawm 1864 txog 1883, tsarist tsoom fwv thiab Qing tau kos npe rau ib tug series ntawm treaties ntawm delimitation ntawm Sino-Lavxias teb sab ciam teb. Ntau tus Mongols, Kazakhs, thiab Kyrgyz rov qab mus rau Suav teb. Kaum ob Kazakh xeem grazing herds nyob ze Lake Zhaisan tsiv lawv cov tsiaj nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub Altai Roob xyoo 1864. Ntau tshaj 3,000 tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau Ili thiab Bortala xyoo 1883. Ntau tus tau ua raws li kev cai tom qab qhov kev txwv ntawm ciam teb.
Lub Yi Rebellion thaum lub sij hawm 1911 kiv puag ncig overthrew Qing txoj cai nyob rau hauv Xinjiang. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau lub hauv paus ntawm feudal system, raws li warlords Yang Zengxin, Jin Shuren, thiab Sheng Xikai tau tswj hwm thaj av. Ntau tshaj 200,000 Kazakhs tau khiav mus rau Tuam Tshoj los ntawm Russia tom qab muaj kev tawm tsam vim yog kev tso npe ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas rau kev quab yuam ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1916. Ntau tau tsiv thaum lub sij hawm kiv puag ncig thiab thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev quab yuam collectivization nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union.
keeb kwm niaj hnub
Lub Koom Txoos Kav Tos Liv ntawm Tuam Tshoj tau pib ua cov kev hloov pauv ntawm Kazakhs xyoo 1933. Ntshai muaj peev xwm ua rau lawv feudalkev cai lij choj, cov thawj coj ntawm pawg haiv neeg tau txwv tsis pub tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv, kev txhim kho kev ua liaj ua teb thiab lwm yam dej num. Raws li kev tswj hwm ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm Sheng Xikai, qee cov Kazakhs hauv Suav teb raug yuam kom tawm hauv lawv lub tsev, thaum lwm tus, vim muaj kev hem thawj thiab kev dag ntxias los ntawm cov thawj coj, txij xyoo 1936 txog 1939 tau tsiv mus rau lub xeev Gansu thiab Qinghai. Nyob ntawd, muaj coob leej raug nyiag thiab tua los ntawm tus tub rog Ma Bufang. Nws sowed kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov Kazakhs, Mongols thiab Tibetans thiab ntxias kom lawv sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam xyoo 1939.
Cov neeg nyob hauv Gansu thiab Qinghai, ua ntej lub teb chaws liberation ntawm Tuam Tshoj xyoo 1949, coj lub neej nomadic loj heev. Nyob rau xyoo 1940, ntau Kazakhs tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Kuomintang. Tom qab tsim lub hwj chim communist, lawv nquag tawm tsam kev sim yuam kom lawv nyob hauv cov zej zog xibhwb. Raws li qee cov lus ceeb toom, xyoo 1962, kwv yees li 60,000 Kazakhs tau khiav mus rau Soviet Union. Lwm tus tau hla tebchaws India-Pakistan ciam teb lossis tau txais lub tsev vwm nyob hauv tebchaws Turkey.
kev ntseeg kev ntseeg
Kazakhs hauv Suav teb yog Sunni Muslims. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias Islam ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau lawv. Qhov no yog vim lub neej nomadic, animistic kab lig kev cai, nyob deb ntawm lub Muslim ntiaj teb no, nyob ze kev sib cuag nrog Russians, thiab kev tsuj ntawm Islam nyob rau hauv Stalin thiab Suav Communist. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov tsis muaj kev xav Islamic muaj zog tau piav qhia los ntawm Kazakh txoj cai ntawm kev hwm thiab kev cai lij choj - adat, uas yog qhov ua tau zoo dua rau steppe tshaj li txoj cai Islamic sharia.
Kazakh lub neej nyob rau Suav teb
Tam sim no, ib txwm muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tsuas yog pom hauv thaj av Altai, Western Mongolia thiab Western Tuam Tshoj. Hauv cov chaw no, lub neej ib nrab ntawm cov neeg Kazakhs tseem raug khaws cia.
Hnub no, ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg no nyob hauv cov tsev lossis pob zeb lossis av nkos-ci tsev nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, thiab lub caij ntuj sov hauv yurts, uas yog siv rau kev ua koob tsheej.
Nomadic Kazakhs hauv Suav teb muag yaj, ntaub plaub thiab tawv yaj kom tau nyiaj. Cov tub lag luam hauv zos muab cov khaub ncaws, khoom siv, khoom qab zib.
Kazakhs yug yaj, nees thiab nyuj. Tsiaj txhu feem ntau raug tua thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg.
Muaj ob peb txoj kev nyob rau hauv cov tiaj ua si loj ntawm steppe, thiab nees tseem yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws mus ncig. Kazakhs hauv Suav teb nyiam lawv txoj kev ywj pheej thiab qhov chaw, thiab feem ntau yurts tau teeb tsa mais ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze. Qee tsev neeg siv cov ntxhuav thauj lawv tej khoom.
Xav txog cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas cov Kazakhs nyob hauv Suav teb, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias lawv tau siv zog los khaws cov kab lis kev cai, lus, kev ntseeg, kev lis kev cai, kos duab thiab lub siab ntawm lawv cov neeg. Tshwj xeeb, ntau cov ntawv nyeem tau luam tawm ua lus Kazakh, ntawv xov xwm, ntawv xov xwm, TV thiab xov tooj cua.
Hnub no, ntau haiv neeg cov khoom siv tes ua thiab cov khoom siv tes ua tseem muaj sia nyob yuav luag tsis hloov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev tsim cov khoom siv ntoo thiab tawv, cov poj niam cov xaws xaws (xav tsim, paj ntaub, xaws).
