Ntau pua xyoo dhau los, tib neeg tau twv tias txhua yam khoom hauv ntiaj teb muaj cov khoom siv me me. Qee lub sij hawm dhau mus, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias cov khoom no muaj tiag tiag. Lawv hu ua atoms. Feem ntau atoms tsis tuaj yeem nyob sib cais thiab sib xyaw ua ke. Cov pab pawg no hu ua molecules.
Lub npe "molecule" los ntawm lo lus Latin moles, txhais tau tias hnyav, pob, ntau, thiab cov lus xaus - cula. Yav dhau los, es tsis txhob siv lo lus no, lo lus "corpuscle" tau siv, txhais tau tias "lub cev me". Yuav kom paub seb lub molecule yog dab tsi, cia peb tig mus rau cov lus piav qhia. Ushakov phau ntawv txhais lus hais tias qhov no yog qhov me tshaj plaws uas tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv nws tus kheej thiab muaj tag nrho cov khoom ntawm cov khoom uas nws hais txog. Molecules thiab atoms nyob ib puag ncig peb, thiab thaum lawv tsis tuaj yeem hnov, txhua yam peb pom yog cov pawg loj heev ntawm lawv.
piv txwv dej
Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los piav qhia qhov molecule yog siv lub khob dej ua piv txwv. Yog koj ncuav los ntawm nwsib nrab, saj, xim thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dej ntxiv yuav tsis hloov. Nws yuav coj txawv txawv uas xav tau lwm yam. Yog tias koj nrum ib nrab dua, tus nqi yuav txo qis, tab sis cov khoom yuav rov zoo li qub. Txuas ntxiv rau tib lub siab, peb yuav tau txais ib lub tee me me. Nws tseem tuaj yeem muab faib nrog lub pipette, tab sis cov txheej txheem no tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus tsis tau.
Thaum kawg, qhov me tshaj plaws yuav tau txais, qhov seem ntawm kev faib yuav tsis yog dej ntxiv lawm. Txhawm rau xav txog seb lub molecule yog dab tsi thiab nws me npaum li cas, sim twv seb pes tsawg molecules nyob hauv ib tee dej. Koj xav li cas? billion? Ib puas billion? Qhov tseeb, muaj txog ib puas sextillions nyob ntawd. Qhov no yog tus lej uas muaj nees nkaum peb xoom tom qab ib qho. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev xav txog qhov muaj nqis, yog li cia peb siv qhov kev sib piv: qhov loj ntawm ib qho dej molecule tsawg dua li cov kua loj ntau zaus raws li cov kua nws tus kheej me dua lub ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem pom txawm tias muaj lub tshuab kho qhov muag muaj zog tshaj plaws.
qauv ntawm molecules thiab atoms
Raws li peb twb paub lawm, txhua qhov microscopic hais yog ua los ntawm atoms. Nyob ntawm lawv tus lej, lub orbits ntawm lub hauv paus atoms, thiab hom kev sib txuas, cov duab geometric ntawm cov molecules tuaj yeem sib txawv. Piv txwv li, tib neeg DNA yog twisted nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kauv, thiab lub me tshaj particle ntawm lub rooj ntsev zoo tib yam muaj daim ntawv ntawm ib tug siv lead ua lattice. Yog hais tias ib tug molecule twg yuav tshem tawm ob peb atoms, nws yuav raug puas tsuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tom kawg yuav tsis mus qhov twg, tab sis yuav nkag musmus rau lwm qhov microparticle.
Tom qab peb paub tias lub molecule yog dab tsi, cia peb mus rau ib qho atom. Nws cov qauv yog reminiscent heev ntawm lub planetary system: nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog ib tug nucleus nrog neutrons thiab zoo them protons, thiab electrons tig ib ncig ntawm txawv orbits. Feem ntau, lub atom yog hluav taws xob nruab nrab. Hauv lwm lo lus, tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons yog sib npaug ntawm cov protons.
Peb cia siab tias peb tsab xov xwm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab tam sim no koj tsis muaj lus nug txog dab tsi molecule thiab atom yog dab tsi, lawv tau npaj li cas thiab lawv txawv li cas.
