Cov ntawv sau Behistun yog cov ntawv sau ua peb hom lus ntawm Behistun pob zeb, uas nyob hauv Iran, sab hnub poob ntawm Ekbatan. Cov ntawv nyeem tau tsim los ntawm cov sculptors ntawm qhov behest ntawm King Darius thiab qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm 523 txog 521 BC. Lub inscription yog carved nyob rau hauv Akkadian, Elamite thiab Persian. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws monuments ntawm antiquity, uas tsuas yog txhais nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo pua los ntawm cov lus Askiv kws tshawb fawb Rawlinson. Kev txhais lus ntawm cov ntawv no tau cim qhov pib ntawm kev txiav txim siab thiab kev txhais cov ntawv ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov hnub qub thaum ub. Dab tsi yog Behistun inscription? Nws sawv cev li cas? Nws zoo li cas? Nws cov ntsiab lus yog dab tsi? Nws zaj dab neeg yog dab tsi? Cov lus sau tsis meej ntawm Behistun pob zeb yuav raug tham hauv peb tsab xov xwm.
Dab tsi ntawm Behistun inscription ntawm Darius lub Great zoo li
Cov ntawv sau tau muab tso rau ntawm thaj chaw Media ntawm qhov siab txog 105 meters. Nws qhov ntev yog li 22 meters dav thiab 7 meters siab.
Cov ntawv sau yog nrog los ntawm cov lus piav qhia txog Vaj Ntxwv Darius nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Persian vaj tswv Ahuramazda. Darius ntsib nws cov yeeb ncuab swb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Behistun inscription uas thawj heev hais txog tus vaj tswv Ahuramazda yog pom.
Lub pob zeb hauv qab daim ntawv sau yog carved vertically thiab ua yuav luag impregnable.
Saum toj no cov ntawv ntawm lub bas-relief, tus vaj tswv Ahuramazda tau piav qhia, uas nthuav nws txhais tes rau Darius, yog li foom koob hmoov rau nws thiab, raws li nws tau, hloov lub hwj chim rau nws. Darius tau piav qhia hauv huab tais huab tais, nws daim duab yog lub neej loj. Nws sab tes xis yog tawm mus rau Vajtswv, nrog nws sab laug nws leans rau ib tug hneev. Nrog nws sab laug ko taw, Vaj Ntxwv Darius tramples rau ntawm Gaumata swb, uas txeeb lub hwj chim los ntawm kev dag ntxias. Tom qab tus txiv neej uas poob lawm sawv yim yim ntxiv ntawm nws cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov tub qhe ncaj ncees, lawv txhais tes raug khi tom qab lawv nraub qaum, lawv txhua tus raug khi rau hauv ib txoj hlua. Tom qab Vaj Ntxwv Darius yog ob tug ntawm nws cov tub rog mob siab rau.
Cov ntawv nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm lub pob nyem.
Yuav ua li cas cov ntawv sau tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no
Koj tsuas pom cov bas-lief thiab cov ntawv sau los ntawm qhov deb, txij li ntau dua 25 centuries dhau los, cov sculptors thaum ub, thaum lawv ua tiav, rhuav tshem tag nrho cov pob zeb tom qab, kom cov xeeb ntxwv. yuav tsis muaj lub cib fim nce mus rau lub monument thiab hloov kho lossis rhuav tshem nws. Tej zaum yog vim li cas Behistun inscription tau ciaj sia zoo heev. Tab sis muaj lwm sab ntawm lub npib. Tom qab ib pliag, tib neeg tsis nco qab dab tsi tau piav nyob rau ntawd, dab tsi keeb kwm xwm txheej. Piv txwv li, tus kws sau keeb kwm Greek thaum ub Ctesias nyob rau xyoo pua 5 BC hu ua Behistun pob zeb nyem ib lub cim rau poj huab tais Semiramis.
Cuneiform cov ntsiab lus
AncientCov ntawv nyeem pib nrog ib tug luv luv biography ntawm King Darius lub Great, uas tau nce lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv 522 BC. Cov hauv qab no qhia txog kev ua tub rog hauv Egypt Cambyses thiab cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog nws. Cambyses, raws li cov ntawv sau, ua ntej mus rau kev sib tw tawm tsam cov neeg Iyiv, kom tua nws tus tij laug Bardia. Tab sis nyob rau lub sij hawm no, ib tug tej yam khawv koob Gaumata txeeb lub zwm txwv, posing li Bardiya (nws tsis paub tseeb tias qhov twg Bardiya nws tus kheej mus). Cambyses tuag hauv Persia, thiab lub hwj chim ntawm Gaumata tau lees paub los ntawm txhua lub tebchaws ntawm lub xeev Persian loj.
Tab sis xya lub hlis tom qab nws raug tua nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub palace. Thiab ib tug ntawm conspirators, Darius, ua vajntxwv. Nws tshaj tawm nws tus kheej ua tus kav thiab muab nws qhov kev vam meej rau kev pab thiab foom koob hmoov ntawm tus vaj tswv Ahura Mazda.
Cov xwm txheej no tau hais los ntawm Herodotus thiab ntau tus neeg Greek keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab cov kws tshawb fawb, txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov lus piav qhia txawv ntawm cov qauv uas tau teev tseg hauv Bahistun inscription.
Ntau tus neeg keeb kwm niaj hnub no ntseeg tias Darius tau mob siab rau lub hwj chim thiab xav ua vaj ntxwv txhua tus nqi, thiab tias nws tua Bardia, tshaj tawm tias nws yog pov thawj Gaumata. Peb tsis zoo li yuav nrhiav tau cov lus nug no tam sim no, nws yuav nyob twj ywm tsis paub keeb kwm mus ib txhis.
Cov ntawv sau ntawm phab ntsa muaj plaub kab sau ua peb hom lus, sab thib tsib yog sau ua lus Persian qub:
- ntawv hauv Persian qub muaj 414 kab hauv 5 kab;
- ntawv hauv Elamite suav nrog 593 kab hauv 8 kab;
- Akkadian ntawv - 112 kab.
Tus sauLub Behistun inscription tseem tsis paub txog keeb kwm, nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias nws yog nyob rau xyoo pua 6 BC.
Kev ntseeg ntawm cov txiv neej thaum ub hais txog kev sau ntawv
Nyob rau xyoo pua 4 BC, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Darius poob. Maj mam, lub qub pob zeb cuneiform kuj tsis nco qab, txawm tias cov ntawv sau tseem nyob, ua rau muaj lus nug ntau. Cov lus piav qhia txawv txawv tshaj plaws tshwm sim uas tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm kev muaj tiag.
Piv txwv li, tau ntau pua xyoo nws tau ntseeg tias qhov kev sau pob zeb no yog tsim los ntawm cov kws kos duab thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Sasanian vaj, uas nyob 1000 xyoo ua ntej lub sij hawm ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Darius.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 5 BC, tus kws sau keeb kwm Greek thaum ub Ctesias ntseeg tias cov ntawv sau tau muab rau poj huab tais Semiramis.
Tus neeg keeb kwm Roman thaum ub Tacitus tau thov tias qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub monument rau Hercules.
Hnub Nyoog Zoo Tshaj Plaws - 16th caug xyoo AD
Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, lub pob zeb zoo kawg nkaus no tau pom los ntawm tus txiv neej Askiv Shirley Robert, uas tau ua haujlwm rau diplomatic. Cov kws tshawb fawb nyob sab Europe tau kawm txog keeb kwm bas-relief los ntawm nws.
Ntau tus ntseeg tias qhov no yog Yexus Khetos thiab 12 tug tubtxib duab.
Kev ntseeg yuam kev txuas ntxiv mus rau Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, tus neeg ncig tebchaws Scottish Porter Ker Robert tau hais tias lub monument yog rau pawg neeg Ixayees los ntawm Assyria.
Ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhais lus ntawm Behistun inscription
Ntau tus kws tshaj lij tau sim txiav cov ntawv nyeem. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrhotus tub ceev xwm Askiv, Rawlinson Henry, tswj kom nkag siab txog qhov tau sau. Nyob rau hauv 1835, nws raug xa mus rau Iran nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm, qhov uas nws pib mus scrupulously kawm cuneiform. Tom qab peb xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, nws tau txhais cov lus qub Persian ntawm cov ntawv sau. Henry tau tshaj tawm nws cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo rau Royal Society hauv London.
In 1843 cov lus Elamite thiab Akkadian tau txiav txim siab. Tag nrho pab neeg ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tau ua haujlwm raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Rawlinson. Tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb no tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho Assyriology.
Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov ntawv, suav nrog cov nqe lus uas tsis tau theej los ntawm Rawlinson, tsuas yog txhais nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.
Daim ntawv sau npe
Cov ntawv ntawm cov lus sau tsis meej yog sau ua peb hom lus:
- hauv Persian qub, hom lus ntawm Darius;
- hauv Akkadian, hais los ntawm Assyrians thiab Babylonians;
- nyob rau hauv Elamite, nws tau hais los ntawm cov neeg thaum ub uas nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Iran.
Tab sis cov ntawv no tau muab txhais ua ntau yam lus thaum ub, thiab cov ntawv txhais tau raug xa mus rau ntau lub xeev. Qhov no yog li cas cov ntawv luam ntawm Behistun inscription tshwm.
Piv txwv li, ib qho ntawm cov papyri thaum ub tau khaws cia hauv tebchaws Iziv, cov ntawv sau ua lus Aramaic, hom lus ntawm lub xeev.
Ib qho thaiv tau pom hauv Npanpiloo nrog cov ntawv sau hauv Akkadian, rov hais dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm Behistun inscription.
Ntau cov ntawv luam ntawm cov ntawv sau qhia tias Darius tau pib tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm loj, uassiv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus loj ntawm Persian Empire. Nws sim ua kom nws txhais cov xwm txheej ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb kev vam meej thaum ub.
20th caug xyoo thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los
Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, kev txaus siab rau kev sau ntawv cuneiform ntawm Mount Behistun tsis tau txo qis. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thev naus laus zis, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov kws tshawb fawb tau thaij duab ob sab ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab nws cov duab peb sab.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st, Iranian archaeologists tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab mus rau lub monument keeb kwm.
Hauv xyoo 2006, Behistun inscription hauv Iran tau txais UNESCO World Heritage status.
Nov yog txoj hmoo zoo thiab tsis meej pem ntawm kev tsim cov neeg Persian thaum ub, uas tau muab lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsis txawj tuag Darius the Great thiab nws cov haujlwm, uas lawv tau ua tiav zoo heev.
