Cinnabar yog cov ntxhia uas tau ntev los ntawm cov xim liab nplua nuj. Nws tau tsim los ntawm Etruscans, thiab cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub, thiab Phoenicians. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv Russia xws xim yog siv rau painting icons. Cov ntxhia ntawm cov nti tshiab zoo ib yam li cov nqaij ci ntawm cov ntshav. Los ntawm Arabic, "cinnabar" yog txhais ua "daj ntshav." Lub npe thib ob ntawm lub pob zeb yog cinnabarite.
Cinnabar yog cov ntxhia uas muaj 86.2% mercury. Nws crystallizes nyob rau hauv syngony, feem ntau tsim me me tuab tabular los yog rhombohedral crystals, hmoov los yog granular-crystalline masses. Lub pob zeb tseem yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov menyuam ntxaib germination thiab zoo meej cleavage nyob rau hauv 1st kev taw qhia. Nyob rau hauv nyias fragments, cov ntxhia pob zeb yog pob tshab, muaj ib tug nthuav "pob zeb diamond" luster. Lub pob zeb melts yooj yim, thiab thaum rhuab mus rau 200˚C nws evaporates tag nrho, tsim sulfur dioxide thiab mercury vapors.
Keeb Kwm
Cov pob zeb thiab pob zeb no yog cov khoom siv mercury uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws. Nws tshwm sim nyob ze-nto hydrothermal depositsnrog rau calcite, quartz, antimonite, barite, galena, pyrite, marcasite, qee zaum nrog cov kub thiab haiv neeg mercury. Cinnabar feem ntau tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha hauv cov pob zeb metamorphosed jasperoid uas cuam tshuam nrog cov dej kub alkaline thiab tsis ntev los no tau tso tseg volcanic kev ua si.
Residual es loj loj eluvial-slope placers, alluvial thiab diav placers ntawm ze demolition, kub-bearing placers, los ntawm cov cinnabar yog muab rho tawm raws txoj kev, yog kev ywj pheej muaj kev txaus siab. Residual placers ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av yog feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tshuaj weathering crusts tshwm. Cov pob zeb me me tab sis nplua nuj heev ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av tau raug kaw rau deluvial thiab eluvial deposits hauv karst kab noj hniav thiab sinkholes.
Nyob rau hauv siab thiab temperate latitudes koj kuj nrhiav tau cinnabar. Qhov no yog vim lub cev qhuav dej ntawm qhov cuam tshuam thiab qhov chaw siab tshaj hauv thaj tsam ntawm cov ore teb. Lub eluvial-slope placers ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm bedded deposits thiab muaj cinnabar ua ke nrog quartz (cov haiv neeg mercury kuj pom). Tab sis nyob rau hauv alluvial thiab diav placers, cov pob zeb hauv av accumulates nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nplej thiab rounded pebbles, uas yog tsim los ntawm loj heev ntom ntau yam. Nws lub ntsiab loj yog nyob rau hauv lub nkoj. Cov chaw no muaj qhov ntev ntawm 1-2 km, thaum lub thickness ntawm lub reservoir yog mus txog 3 m. Lawv feem ntau yog txuam nrog cov thawj qhov chaw uas mus rau hauv qab ntawm lub hav, ntxiv rau, lawv yog deposits ntawm ib tug nested los yog dav hlau. qauv. Placers ntawm cinnabar yog nyob rau hauv North America, nyob rau hauv lub NorthSab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av yog Pliocene-Quaternary; Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, alluvial faus placers ntawm cinnabar tau pom nyob rau hauv North-East ntawm peb lub teb chaws ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej.
Nyiaj
Lub ntiaj teb cov nyiaj tso nyiaj loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Spain, uas txog rau tam sim no suav txog li 80% ntawm tag nrho cov mercury hauv ntiaj teb. Kuj tseem mined hauv Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Ltalis, Tebchaws Asmeskas. Ntawm Central Asian deposits, qhov loj tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv Kyrgyzstan (Khaidarkan thiab Chauvay), thiab nyob rau hauv Tajikistan (Adrasman). Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, kuj muaj ib tug loj deposit nyob rau hauv Chukotka.
Magical Properties
Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias cinnabar yog cov ntxhia uas nkag siab thiab hnov txhua yam teeb meem ntawm nws tus tswv, tab sis tsis nyob ntsiag to, tab sis qhia lub sijhawm nyuaj kom dhau mus yooj yim dua - luag ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab koj tus kheej. Lub pob zeb qhia tau hais tias tus tswv yuav coj zoo li cas kom tsis txhob muaj teeb meem yav tom ntej. Feem ntau, cinnabar, cov xim uas muaj ntau tus neeg koom nrog cov ntshav, tuaj yeem hloov pauv tus cwj pwm ntawm tib neeg thiab qhia koj yuav ua li cas ua neej nyob, tsis muaj sia nyob, kawm kev ua neej thiab kev lom zem.
Astrologers qhia kev hnav cov khoom nrog cov pob zeb no rau txhua qhov cim ntawm lub zodiac nrog rau Scorpio. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, nws pab Taurus. Txawm hais tias yog tias koj pheej nqa cov zaub mov thiab pob zeb nrog koj, ces lub xeev ntawm tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv yuav cuam tshuam. Vim li no, cov kws tshaj lij qhia kom hnav cov khoom lag luam nrog xws li nugget tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub neej nyuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ua qhov no kom txog thaum tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov kev hloov ua ntej, thiab tus neeg pib cuam tshuam nroglom zem rau teeb meem.
Cinnabar tau nrov tshwj xeeb thaum lub sij hawm heyday ntawm alchemy nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Tom qab ntawd mercury yog lub cim ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev tsis txawj tuag. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm txhua tus kheej-saib alchemist. Rau ntau tus, cov xim liab ntawm cov mercury vapor tseem cuam tshuam nrog kev paub tsis meej. Tsis tas yuav hais, alchemists feem ntau tsis muaj hnub nyoog peb caug xyoo, thiab feem ntau ntawm lawv, raws li kev kawm, pom cov cim ntawm mercury lom..
Nyob zoo
Vim tias cinnabar yog mercury sulfide, cov ntxhia no tsis tuaj yeem siv los kho. Nws qhov kev noj haus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj tshuaj lom lossis tuag ntawm ib tus neeg. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, lub pob zeb tau siv los kho mob ruas, txawm hais tias nws cov hauj lwm yog tsis ntseeg. Cinnabar, uas nws cov xim tawm tsam ntau niaj hnub no, tau siv me me hauv Tebchaws Europe los kho tus mob syphilis, tab sis qhov no feem ntau ua rau tus neeg mob tuag lossis mob hnyav heev.
Amulets thiab talismans
Lub pob zeb no yog cov talisman ntawm cov nyiaj txiag, cov neeg lag luam, cov neeg uas nyiam ua rau cov xwm txheej, nrog rau txhua tus neeg uas ua yuam kev ntau zaus. Nws tuaj yeem siv me me thiab qee zaus.
Liab cinnabar nyob rau hauv Roman faj tim teb chaws tau mined kom tau cov xim liab thiab mercury. Thiab niaj hnub no qee qhov ntawm Roman mines tab tom tsim. Pliny tus Txwj Laug hais hauv nws cov ntawv sau tias hauv Spain, Ancient Rome yuav txog 4.5 tons ntawm mercury txhua xyoo.
Lwm qhov qub qub yog Khaidarkan hauv Kyrgyzstan, qhov chaw muaj ntau yam kev ua haujlwm thaum ub tseem tau khaws cia: hlau wedges, kev ua haujlwm loj, av nplaum retorts rau tua cinnabar, teeb, cov pob zeb loj loj ntawm cinders tsim thaum lub sijhawm no. Archaeological excavations qhia tau hais tias mercury tau mined nyob rau hauv Kyrgyzstan rau ntau centuries, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th-14th, tom qab cov successors ntawm Genghis Khan puas tag nrho cov khoom siv tes ua thiab kev lag luam chaw ntawm no, ore mining raug tso tseg. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, qhov no Khaidarkan deposit nquag rov pib nws txoj hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, cov ntxhia tau mined tsis yog los ntawm mercury, tab sis raws li ib tug kim thiab irreplaceable mineral pigment.
