Mortar yog rab phom phom, uas yog nruab nrog lub thoob luv luv (tsuas yog 15 caliber), tsim los rau mounted hom firing. Cov phom yog tsom rau kev puas tsuaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog tiv thaiv cov qauv, thiab tseem yog tsom rau kev rhuav tshem cov hom phiaj uas tau muab zais hauv qab cov dugouts lossis trenches. Xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom no, nrog rau nws txoj kev loj hlob los ntawm lub sijhawm tsim mus rau tam sim no.
History of Creation
Mortar yog riam phom uas tau siv txij li xyoo pua 15th. Hauv kev txhais lus niaj hnub no, lo lus no qee zaum hu ua mortars ntawm ib qho caliber. Nyob rau hauv cov tub rog slang, lo lus nug yog ib tug xaiv rau luv-barreled phom uas tsis tau nruab nrog ib tug thrust phaj.
Lo lus "mortar" nws tus kheej tau siv nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv Peter lub Great nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau artillery pieces nyob rau hauv lub configuration ntawm cov phom ntev ntev, nrog rau lawv luv-barreled counterparts. Tom qab ntawd cov phom zoo li no tau muab faib ua lub tshuab ua pa, mortars thiab phom rau hluav taws.
Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm riam phom:
- defeat of manpoweryeeb ncuab;
- tshem tawm cov zais trenches thiab phab ntsa ntawm fortifications;
- kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tsev thiab cov fortifications thaum sieges.
Cov tshuaj khib nyiab ntau feem ntau yog siv cov phom phom hlau. Lub metallurgy ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov plhaub nrog cov phab ntsa nyias, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua rau nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm rab phom yam tsis muaj kev tawg.
Lub ntim ntawm lub mortar, daim duab uas tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no, tuaj yeem nruab nrog ntau yam khoom tawg uas cuam tshuam rau qhov ceev ntawm cov phom loj, nrog rau qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kev txav thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm. Noj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev siv zog thaum txhaj tshuaj thiab qhov kawg tshwm sim, cov nyhuv ntawm salvo hluav taws sib raug rau lub howitzer. Qhov kev xaiv no yog qhov nruab nrab, uas ua rau muaj peev xwm rov ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb thaum tus nqi them dhau, txawm tias muaj qhov loj me. Cov kev hloov kho thaum ub tau mus txog qhov loj me, tau thauj mus rau cov tsheb tshwj xeeb cais, tom qab ntawd lawv tau muab tshem tawm mus rau hauv av kom txav mus rau hauv txoj haujlwm stowed.
Txhob txav mus los
Thawj qhov kev sim muab lub phom phom rau ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau tau tsim xyoo 1861 (thaum Asmeskas Tsov Rog Tsov Rog). Qhov kev txiav txim siab no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom xa cov phom loj mus rau cov chaw nyob deb ntawm cov tub rog yav qab teb. Ib qho kev paub zoo sib xws hauv kev thauj phom tau siv ntau zaus. Nyob rau hauv 1864, analogues nrog ib tug caliber ntawm 13 ntiv tes yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub platform. Lawv tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm Pittsburgh, tua cov nqi hnyav txog 100 kg ntawm qhov deb txog li 5 km. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, xws li kev hloov kho tau pib siv nyob rau hauv 1871 (lub siege ntawm Paris thaum lub sij hawm lub Franco-Prussian.tsov rog). Qhov kev xa tawm ntawm cov phom loj no ua rau nws tuaj yeem ua rau lub nroog los ntawm ntau sab.
Kev txhim kho thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th
Lo lus "mortar" tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum lub teb chaws Yelemees txiav txim siab los npaj cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv siege. Cov chav no suav nrog 21 mortars thiab rau 150 mm howitzers. Lawv tau hloov dua siab tshiab los ntawm bronze cannons los ntawm kev ntxig ib cov yeeb nkab steel rau hauv lawv. Ib txoj kev zoo sib xws tau siv dav nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hauv kev kho tshiab ntawm cam khwb cia hlau thiab bronze cov cuab yeej.
Cov riam phom no tsis yog qhov ua tau zoo, txawm li cas los xij, nws ua rau nws tuaj yeem xa cov khoom siv sai sai rau qhov xav tau ntawm sab xub ntiag. Ua raws li cov Germans, Poland, Austria thiab lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe tau ua raws li tib txoj kev. Raws li txoj cai, ntxiv rau mortars, howitzers tau suav nrog hauv cov mos txwv thauj khoom. Thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm, qhov rollback ceev yog qhov tseem ceeb, uas ua rau muaj zog dhia thiab txav ntawm rab phom mus rau sab. Hauv qhov no, kev kho dua tshiab ntawm txoj haujlwm qub ntawm riam phom yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau lub cev thiab lub sijhawm ntxiv.
20th century
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tus tsim ntawm howitzers thiab mortars xyaum ua ke nrog cov analogues ntawm lwm cov phom loj ntawm hom no. Qhov sib txawv tsuas yog nyob rau hauv chim ntev thiab caliber. Ntawm cov kev hloov kho ntawm mortar, cov kev hloov pauv hauv qab no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv:
- "Skoda" - nruab nrog lub plhaub hnyav 384 kg (piv txwv 1911).
- "Krupp" - ua los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias hauv Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, muaj thaj tsam li 4 mais.
- Nkauj-nplaum ntawdtshwm sim thaum tsov rog xyoo 1914 thiab ua ke lub zog ntawm rab phom thiab tus nqi hluav taws kub ntawm mortars.
Qhov tsis zoo ntawm rab phom: qhov hluav taws kub tsawg, nyuaj rau kev xa cov mos txwv, qaug zog ntawm cov neeg tua phom vim tib yam.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, howitzers-mortars tau tsim, uas ua rau puas tsuaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov fortifications thiab cov khoom muaj zog ntxiv. Cov phom muaj lub thoob elongated thiab lub kaum sab xis.
Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II
Zoo rau 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, mortars yog 280 mm howitzers. Lwm qhov kev xaiv (German mortar) yog Karlgeret-600. Tom qab ntawd, cov phom zoo li no tau hloov los ntawm mortars. Nyob rau hauv lub German pab tub rog, tus tsim ntawm lub mortar yog tsis nco qab kiag li, txawm lub fact tias lub luv luv-barreled versions yog inferior rau standard phom. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stalingrad, Hitler tau hais kom tsim kho cov analogues niaj hnub tsim los rau kev ua haujlwm siege. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov hluav taws kub tsis tau ploj mus txhua qhov chaw. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias kev siv cov cuab yeej zoo li no yog qhov tsis tsim nyog nkim sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag. Kev foob pob tau zoo dua, muab qhov tseeb tias Lub Tebchaws Yelemees muaj cov khoom tsim nyog ntawm cov foob pob loj.
Kev hloov kho nrov
Cov hauv qab no yog cov npe ntawm cov mortars siv tshaj plaws txhua lub sijhawm txij li tsim riam phom no:
- German hloov "16" calibre 210 mm.
- Malbork.
- Russian version ntawm 1727 phom. Calibre - 0.68ko taw, qhov hnyav - 705 kg.
- "Tus Dictator" yog Asmeskas cov qauv siv thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog.
- Skoda (1911).
- Karlgeret yog German mortar los ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II.
Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg
Ntawm cov niaj hnub analogues ntawm rab phom hauv nqe lus nug, cov khoom Israeli hu ua "Sherman" tuaj yeem raug sau tseg. Cov phom yog muab tso rau ntawm kab ntsig kab. Cov txheej txheem tau siv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Lub caliber ntawm riam phom yog 160 mm. Tom qab kawg ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, mortars thaum kawg poob ntawm kev siv. Lawv tau hloov los ntawm mortars, howitzers thiab ntau lub foob pob hluav taws. Hauv Cov Tub Rog Liab, thaum lub sijhawm ua tub rog ntawm xyoo 1941-1945, rab phom ntawm hom no tau siv los ntawm lub npe BR-5. Tsuas yog 47 tau ua.
Tau kawg
Mortar yog ib qho phom loj uas nruab nrog lub thoob kom luv (qhov ntev yog tsawg kawg 15 calibers). Nws yog npaj rau mounted shooting, tsim los rhuav tshem kev tiv thaiv fortifications, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ruaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, rab phom tau siv los rhuav tshem cov trench thiab cov chaw nyob. Hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub no (hauv qee lub tebchaws), cov ntsiab lus ntawm "mortar" thiab "mortar" muaj tib lub ntsiab lus. Lub ntsiab ntawm riam phom yog qhov recoil yam tsis muaj lub phaj reinforcing yog kis ncaj qha mus rau hauv av.
