Ecology yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb uas kawm txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kab mob nyob nrog ib leeg thiab nrog lawv ib puag ncig. Lub sij hawm yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm E. Haeckel hauv xyoo 1866. Niaj hnub no, ecology yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws natural sciences, muaj
qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej ntawm ib tus neeg niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev qhuab qhia no tseem ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntau ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb: cov khoom ntawm nws txoj kev kawm, nws cov qauv, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "ecology" thiab ntau lwm yam teeb meem tau tham txog. Qhov kev txiav txim siab dav dav uas tuaj yeem rub tawm los ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus uas twb muaj lawm yog cov hauv qab no: txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb tau ua nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob nyob hauv lawv qhov chaw nyob, tsim kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv thiab txiav txim siab txog lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, tuaj yeem ua tau. hu ua ecological. Tsis tas li ntawd nco ntsoov hais tias nws yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm, piv txwv li, "phem ntuj ecology" vim hais tias ecology yog ib tug science, tsis yog ib tug yam ntxwv ntawm ib puag ncig.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm rau ecology yog cov kab mob lom neeg loj: cov pejxeem, biocenoses, ecosystems. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm yog kev txhim kho cov tshuab no hauv lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw. Ecology yog ib txoj kev tshawb fawb uas nrhiav kev los daws cov neeg coob coob
ntau yam theoretical and practical problem, we will single out the most important ones. Yog li, ecology tab tom sim tsim cov qauv uas cov peev txheej tsim nyog rau lub neej tau muab faib ua haujlwm zoo ntawm biocenoses tsim, thiab kawm paub tswj cov qauv no raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm kev cuam tshuam tib neeg hauv cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim.
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, ecology yog kev qhuab qhia tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab nws cov qauv kuj suav tias tsis meej: cov kws tshawb fawb sib txawv txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm nws txoj kev kawm. Cia peb tig mus rau kev faib tawm raws li theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov khoom muaj sia uas tau kawm los ntawm ecology.
- Autoecology kawm txog tib neeg, qib kab mob. Tshawb nrhiav cov kev txwv ntawm ib puag ncig ib puag ncig uas tib neeg tuaj yeem muaj nyob.
- Demecology kawm txog qib pejxeem. Tshawb nrhiav cov xwm txheej raws li cov pej xeem tsim thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv lawv.
- Eidecology kawm hom. Tam sim no, qhov no yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw ntawm ecology, txij li qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hloov los ntawm cov pej xeem qib mus rau biocenotic ib, hla cov hom kab mob.
- Synecology kawm txog qib biocenotic. Tshawb nrhiav kev tsim, kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm biocenoses.
- Ntiaj teb ecology kawm txog biosphere. Tshawb nrhiav cov teeb meem tom kawg.
Raws li thaj chaw hauv paus ntawm ecology, ntau qhov tshiab thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog raug tsim. Cov tuam tsev tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm ecology tau sib cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov kev tshawb fawb lom neeg, uas ua raunce kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv txhua qhov chaw koom nrog.
Academician S. S. Schwartz tau hais tias ecology "ua lub hauv paus theoretical ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm hauv kev lag luam hauv zej zog." Los ntawm cov lus no ib leeg, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb peb tau piav qhia. Niaj hnub no, ecology thiab kev tswj hwm qhov xwm txheej tau kawm ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv Lavxias.
