Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm kev tiv thaiv hluav taws hauv nroog Lavxias. Keeb kwm ntawm lub tuam tsev tua hluav taws

2024 Tus sau: Henry Conors | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-12 08:00

Ntawm tag nrho cov kev puas tsuaj uas tau mus xyuas Russia ntev, hluav taws kub nyhiab yog qhov nquag, vim ntau pua xyoo cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv nroog thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov tsev nyob deb nroog tau tsim yog ntoo. Txawm tias lawv raug xa los saum ntuj los vim tib neeg tej kev txhaum, los yog tshwm sim los ntawm lwm tus neeg yuam kev, tab sis lawv ib txwm yuav tsum tau tawm tsam, thiab yog li ntawd, keeb kwm ntawm lub tuam tsev tua hluav taws yog inseparable ntawm keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws.

Museums txog kev tua hluav taws

Cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm cov tsev khaws ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv hluav taws ua haujlwm thoob plaws lub tebchaws qhia txog txoj hauv kev tsim kho hluav taws kub hauv tebchaws Russia mus. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv, tsim nyob rau hauv 1957, nyob rau hauv Moscow ntawm Durova Street. Cov chav tsev ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej muaj cov khoom pov thawj rov tsim dua keeb kwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hluav taws txij li lub sijhawm Ivan the Terrible mus txog niaj hnub no.

Tsis muaj qhov nthuav tsawg dua yog Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob hauv St. Petersburg, nyob ntawm 73 Bolshoy Prospekt V. O. lub sijhawm - lub sijhawm ntawm Peter I, nws cov lus nthuav tawm kuj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab muaj ntau yam.nws exhibits. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tsev khaws puav pheej tiv thaiv hluav taws tau tsim hauv Samara, Yekaterinburg, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo thiab Krasnodar. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv npog kev txhim kho tsis yog tsuas yog kev pabcuam hluav taws hauv zos xwb, tab sis kuj tseem tiv thaiv hluav taws hauv Russia.

Feem ntau, cov khoom khaws cia ntawm cov tsev khaws puav pheej tiv thaiv hluav taws hauv Moscow, St. Petersburg, nrog rau ntau lub nroog ntawm lub tebchaws thiab cov peev txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm cia peb rov tsim ib daim duab ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thaum ub. sim tiv thaiv kev kub ntxhov uas niaj hnub tuaj xyuas lawv.

xeev decrees tsom tua hluav taws

Keeb kwm ntawm lub tuam tsev tua hluav taws, xav txog hauv cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia uas tau nqis los rau peb, pib los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab tshaj tawm los ntawm Grand Duke ntawm Moscow Ivan III ─ Ivan the Terrible yawg, tom qab hluav taws txaus ntshai uas ua rau lub nroog puas tsuaj xyoo 1472.

Nyob rau hauv lawv thiab cov kev cai tom ntej, uas twb tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Romanovs, nws tau nruj me ntsis raws li nyob rau hauv cov nroog (thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub capital) txhim kho pob zeb lug kom deb li deb li sai tau thiab tsim lawv ntawm hluav taws. kev nyab xeeb deb ntawm ib leeg.

Ntxiv rau, ntau lwm yam kev ntsuas tsom tiv thaiv hluav taws tau teev tseg. Raws li hais txog cov neeg ua txhaum txoj cai siab tshaj plaws, thiab ntau dua yog li cov neeg uas ua rau hluav taws, qhov kev nplua loj tshaj plaws tau muab., Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ntau npaum li cas hauv nroog, uas, tsis sib haum xeeb rau hauv tsev noj mov hauv tsev hauv lub caij ntuj sov sov, thiab Lavxias nyob hauv Lavxias "tej zaum" ib txwm muaj yeejdhau cov cai tswj kev nyab xeeb hluav taws hauv theem pib. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qee zaum muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev tau ua rau muaj qhov txaus ntshai uas tag nrho lub nroog raug puas tsuaj.

Kev kub ntxhov ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los

txaus nws los hais txog ob peb yam xwm txheej uas tau hais txog los ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov tsev khaws puav pheej tiv thaiv hluav taws saum toj no ─ lawv tau muaj qhov tshwm sim loj hauv lub xeev lub neej. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov no yog qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 1212, uas tau rhuav tshem 4,300 lub tshav puam ntawm Veliky Novgorod hauv ib teev. Kwv yees li ib txhiab tus pej xeem los ua nws cov neeg raug tsim txom.

Nyob rau xyoo 1354, qhov hluav taws kub uas ua rau Moscow hauv ob teev tsis yog lub Kremlin nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov chaw nyob ib sab mus rau hauv cov pa taws. Kev puas tsuaj sib npaug rau lub peev yog qhov hluav taws kub uas tshwm sim hauv 1547. Ces ob peb txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv Niam Pom tau tuag hauv qhov hluav taws.

Hnub yug ntawm kev pabcuam hluav taws ntawm Russia

Cov lus teb rau qhov kev sib tw uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus npau taws yog tsim cov hluav taws kub tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws Russia. Thawj zaug lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib daim ntawv tsim nyob rau hauv 1649 nrog kev koom tes ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich thiab hu ua "Kev txiav txim rau lub nroog Deanery". Raws li nws cov kev cai, cov tub ceev xwm tua hluav taws tau tshwm sim hauv txhua lub nroog loj hauv lub tebchaws, uas cov neeg ua haujlwm tau them nyiaj hli tas li.

Tib tsab cai lij choj kom tua hluav taws, ntxiv rau kev ua lub luag haujlwm ib puag ncig, txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev taug kev ntawm thaj chaw nyob hauv lawv txoj cai thiab txheeb xyuasmuaj peev xwm ua txhaum cai ntawm kev tuav hluav taws. Tsis tas li ntawd, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich tau koom nrog kev tsim kev sib ntaus sib tua hluav taws, hais kom siv cov kav dej rau lub hom phiaj no, uas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm cov hoses tam sim no.

Ib theem tshiab hauv kev txhim kho kev pabcuam hluav taws hauv tsev

Lub xyoo ntawm kev kav ntawm Peter kuv tau los ua lub sijhawm uas lub koom haum ntawm lub tuam tsev tua hluav taws tau nce mus rau qib tshiab. Hauv particular, cov cuab yeej hluav taws kub tau kho dua tshiab, ntau cov qauv uas cov tsar tshwj xeeb tau yuav txawv teb chaws. Ua tsaug rau nws, thawj lub twj tso kua mis nruab nrog lub tes tsho tawv thiab tooj liab hoses tau tshwm sim ntawm kev pov tseg ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws Lavxias.

Tib lub sijhawm, thawj qhov chaw tua hluav taws hauv tebchaws Russia tau tsim nyob rau hauv Admir alty ntawm St. Petersburg. Hauv Moscow, kev pabcuam hluav taws tsis tu ncua tshwm sim lig. Txoj cai lij choj ntawm nws txoj kev tsim yog muab los ntawm Alexander kuv nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv 1804.

Kev tua hluav taws nyob rau xyoo pua 19

Tus huab tais tom ntej, Nicholas kuv, uas tau nce lub zwm txwv hauv xyoo 1825, tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev pabcuam hluav taws kub tsis tu ncua tsis muaj ntau ntawm St. Petersburg thiab Moscow. Hauv qab nws, cov tua hluav taws tau tshwm sim hauv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw loj hauv lub tebchaws.

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov chaw tua hluav taws, tus pej thuam, hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej tau dhau los ua lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv nroog, uas nws tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas txhua lub zos nyob ze. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm hluav taws raug ntes, ib tug tshwj xeeb chij thiab lub teeb liab balloons tau tsa rau nws, tus naj npawb ntawm cov uas ncaj qha proportional rau qhov loj ntawm lub hearth.hluav taws.

Kev txhim kho tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws kub. Ntau yam ntawm nws cov qauv tseeb tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si hauv Moscow Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob thiab hauv qhov nthuav tawm ntawm lwm qhov chaw zoo ib yam li nws. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, lub equipping ntawm hluav taws departments nrog rau cov khoom tsim nyog tau yooj yim los ntawm kev tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg ntawm lub tuam txhab uas launched zus tau tej cov tsis tau tsuas yog hluav taws kub twj tso kua mis thiab hoses rau lawv, tab sis kuj tag nrho cov khoom siv: folding ladders, gaffs, nrog rau cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsim nyog rau kev tua hluav taws.

Cov kaus mom qub ntawm cov neeg tua hluav taws, tawm thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 19th thiab thaum ntxov 20th, yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm yuav luag txhua lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm hom no. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv qhov kev nthuav tawm kuj yog cov cuab yeej siv tam sim ntawd, sai li sai tau thaum lub chaw tua hluav taws pib siv cov tsheb uas hloov nees traction.

kev tiv thaiv hluav taws los ntawm Bolsheviks

Nyob hauv St. Petersburg Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb tau muab rau lub koom haum ntawm kev tawm tsam hluav taws hauv xyoo tom qab kev hloov pauv. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv qub qhia txog kev tsim kho thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1918 ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Pov Hwm thiab Hluav Taws Xob. M. T. Elizarov los ua thawj tus thawj coj.

Ua tsaug rau nws txoj kev siv zog, kev sib txuas lus dav dav ntawm cov chaw tua hluav taws uas muaj cov cuab yeej siv tshiab tshaj plaws rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau tsim sai hauv lub tebchaws. Xyoo tom ntej, tsoomfwv tau siv cov kev ntsuas ntxiv los txhawb cov tub ceev xwm tua hluav taws. Los ntawm kev txiav txim los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev hauv cov qauv ntawm NKVD,lub koom haum muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tau tsim Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees, uas tau coj cov thawj coj ntawm lub chaw tua hluav taws ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tua hluav taws hauv tebchaws Soviet

Nyob rau xyoo 1924, thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv hluav taws xob tau qhib hauv Leningrad, uas yog lub cim pib ntawm kev tsim cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv paus uas tsim kom muaj kev saib xyuas hluav taws thoob tebchaws nyob rau yav tom ntej. Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv nws tau nyob los ntawm cov qauv tom qab tsim los ntawm kev pib ntawm Komsomol thiab ntau lub koom haum ua lag luam. Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov no yog Pab Pawg Tub Rog Hluav Taws Xob, uas nws cov ceg tau tshwm sim sai sai thoob plaws lub tebchaws.

Lub xyoo ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, uas nws cov neeg tua rog nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev tawm tsam hluav taws, tau los ua ib nplooj ntawv heroic hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tua hluav taws. Nws paub tias nyob rau hauv Leningrad ib leeg ntau tshaj 2,000 ntawm lawv tau muab lawv lub neej. Thiab nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1945, cov neeg tua hluav taws tau taug kev yeej nrog Red Square nrog rau txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Kev ua koob tsheej nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm cov neeg ntawm tus heroic txoj haujlwm

Hnub no, lub tuam tsev tua hluav taws tau dhau los ua ntau txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm muaj peev xwm ntawm thaj chaw thiab tom qab ntawd tua hluav taws ntawm txhua qhov nyuaj. Nyob rau hauv nws cov arsenal muaj qhov tseeb achievements ntawm niaj hnub technology. Raws li lub cim ntawm kev hwm rau cov neeg ntawm qhov txaus ntshai no, tab sis yog li tsim nyog txoj haujlwm txhua lub sijhawm, tsoomfwv ntawm lub tebchaws xyoo 1999 tau tsim muaj hnub so ─ Txhua Hnub Kev Tiv Thaiv Hluav Taws Xob.